Edit: THIS QUESTION IS DISCUSSED HERE.
As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.
This is a confusing question. So breaking into chunks won't be of any help. Lets get what the question intends to say.Meaning : The author is talking about a Honeybee's stinger. Now stinger is something that holds its sting. So what to we have to do with the sting? The sting is barbed. Ok. So what does its barbed attribute help in? It helps in holding the sting where it's inserted. So the phrase means that there a stinger in a honeybee which is heavily barbed(piny). Think of blood sucking spiders or leeches with its 8 legs. Now this barbed stinger helps in maintaining the position of the sting. IF the position is not maintained such an act of blood sucking can prove fatal to the honeybee. It may fall or may be anything else. But the fact is there's a stinger which maintains its position due to XYZ attribute and this maintenance of position helps in the act of stinging prevents a fatal injury to bees. [Who cares about humans?We already have a large population. (jst kidding) ]
(A) As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted.
this results in the act of stinging causing.
What causes? THIS is ambiguous. Wrong(B) As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted,
with the result that the act of stinging causes.
Nothing much right with it. Uselessly wordy.Wrong(C)
The honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted,
results in the fact that the act of stinging causes.
It very categorically says the honeybee's stinger results in the fact that bla-bla-bla.... But does the stinger result in any factor? So wrong(D) The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted,
and results in the act of stinging causing.
Andis used to mark parallelism or do listing. Now there is no parallelism in consideration. So it may list things. So what does the phrase list 1) the heavily barbed stinger does smthng smthng 2) results in the act of stinging causing bla-bla-bla...... But did the intended meaning of the sentence ask us to list these 2 things. No its said due to a certain feature of the sting, a fatal injury is prevented. Does it convey the intended meaning? No. So wrong. (E)
The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes.
Now it clearly conveys the intended meaning, no ambiguity, no listing, proper cause and effect. So right 
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