Hi
dwang52,
Welcome to gmatclub!
NOUN MODIFIERS:
Past participle - essential: The camera
owned by John is white
Past participle non-essential:The ancient Anasazi harvested such native desert vegetation as the purple BEE_PLANT, now commonly called wild spinach.
The question itself is here:
https://gmatclub.com/forum/the-ancient- ... 79475.htmlPresent participle
without commas: The boy
playing soccer is very tall.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS:
Present Participle
WITH COMMAS: The PROGRAMMER FIXED THE PROBLEM, earning himself a promotion
Past participle
WITH COMMAS: Exhilarated by the successful product launch, the TEAM CELEBRATED after work
Some notes from Ron's videos:
https://gmatclub.com/forum/updated-thur ... 98304.htmlQuote:
the "comma + ing" modifier should only be used when:
(A)
it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;
AND
(B)
one of the following is true:
(1) the "ing" action is SIMULTANEOUS with, and SUBORDINATE to, the main action;
- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly
(2) the "ing" action is a DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE of the main action.
- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91
(3) the "ing" action DESCRIBES the main action, in some other extremely direct way (illustration, example, explanation, etc.)
https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/foru ... tml#p40738Note that the list above is not complete. What textbook are you using now? I'd highly recommend to get Manhattanprep SC book.
Hope this helps!