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Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that
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21 Dec 2011, 04:24
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Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For some time this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched. To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down. As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages. However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable; changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
Read the question and share what do you think "evaporated ocean water" refers to 1. Vapors 2. Water left behind after evaporation
It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has (A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water (B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water (C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets (D) a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land (E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
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Re: Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that
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22 Dec 2011, 06:09
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option B .It says that the more the evaporation ,the higher is the amount of oxygen 8 left behind .The oxygen 8 because of its heaviness is not evaporated .
Re: Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that
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23 Dec 2011, 05:31
I would say "Evaporated ocean water" refer to vapors.But if you would have asked the full question ie.what does precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water refers to, I would have said Water left behind after evaporation,as precipitation is the term used for the water which come backs to earth after evaporation(condensation theory)
Re: Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that
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23 Dec 2011, 09:44
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Precipitation(ie. the evaporated ocean water) in this case could not return back to the ocean as ice sheets grows between the evaporated water and the left behind ocean water due to ice age
Quote:
When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it.
As a result precipitation which is the evaporated water is rich in isotope 16 and the left over water which is below the ice sheet is rich with isotope 18 which being heavier could not evaporate hence the precipitation or the evaporated water has less oxygen 18 as compared to the ocean water. I hope this helps.
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Re: Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that
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