From the moment in 1502 when he was elected Pope Julius II, sycophanti

From the moment in 1502 when he was elected Pope Julius II, sycophantical poets declared Cardinal Guiliano della Rovere the spiritual emperor of the Christian world, the second coming of Julius Caesar, the first Emperor of Rome. The new pope expended a great deal of effort to emulate his namesake. Upon at least one of the commemorative medals struck to celebrate his papacy, the former Cardinal was described as, "Pope Julius Caesar."

In another example of emperorial behavior, Julius II vowed to expel the French from the Italian peninsula. Then, after an exceptionally long military campaign in which he succeeded in driving the French from several of their Italian strongholds and thereby enlarged the papal territories, the pope triumphantly rode through Rome in a chariot drawn by four white horses. He was even brazen enough to pass underneath the famous arch upon which were inscribed Caesar's famous words "I came, I saw, I conquered."

It was Julius II's firm resolution to solidify Rome as the center of Christianity and as the greatest of all the cities of the Renaissance. Through the levying of additional taxes, he enlarged the papal state and accumulated substantial wealth which he subsequently used to realize this vision. He employed Donato Bramante as his chief architect and then set about destroying and rebuilding the structures of ancient Rome, using the ruins of the Roman forum as a stone quarry for his modern structures. Even the ancient Basilica of St. Peter's, originally constructed by the first Christian emperor Constantine, did not escape this massive gentrification project. Despite the widespread belief that St. Peter himself was buried beneath the Basilica, Julius ordered it razed to make way for one of his many projects.

1. Which of the following is the most likely source of this passage?

(A) A treatise on papal legacies
(B) A research paper on St. Peter's Basilica
(C) A biography of Julius Caesar
(D) A volume on Roman architecture
(E) A personal account of the Renaissance



2. Which of the following can be inferred about the author from the tone and content of the passage?

(A) The author admires the militaristic legacy of Julius Ceasar.
(B) The author believes Rome was at its greatest in the sixteenth century.
(C) The author supports the beatification of Pope Julius II, the Spiritual emperor of the Christian world.
(D) The author agrees with the historically widespread belief concerming the resting place of St. Peter.
(E) The author regrets some of the restoration performed during the reign of Julius ll.



3. With which of the following would the author most likely NOT agree?

(A) Cardinal Guiliano della Rovere strove to elevate Rome during his reign as pope.
(B) Julius Caesar was admired in Rome, even as late as the early fifteen hundreds.
(C) Through his varied achievements, Julius II earned his regard as Julius Caesar's equal.
(D) Expansion of the papal territories contributed directly to Julius II's restoration of Rome.
(E)Julius II may have been called the spiritual emperor, but he was not in fact the first Christian emperor.