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Here is a detailed explanation to this question-
AbdurRakib wrote:
Air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, but it was found by a joint Canadian–Russian study to be both feasible as well as desirable if those routes are opened to thousands more commercial planes a year.
A. Air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, but it was found by a joint Canadian–Russian study to be both feasible as well as desirable if those routes are opened to thousands more commercial planes a year.
B. Currently used by only two or three planes a day, a joint Canadian–Russian study has found that if air traffic routes over the North Pole are opened to thousands more commercial planes a year, it would be both feasible and desirable.
C. A joint Canadian–Russian study, finding it to be both feasible as well as desirable to open air traffic routes over the North Pole, which are currently used by only two or three planes a day, to thousands more commercial planes a year.
D. Although air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, a joint Canadian–Russian study has found that opening those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year is both feasible and desirable.
E. With air traffic routes over the North Pole currently used by only two or three planes a day, opening those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year has been found by a joint Canadian—Russian study as both feasible and desirable
Meaning is crucial to solving this problem:Understanding the intended meaning is key to solving this question; the intended meaning of this sentence is that air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, but a joint Canadian–Russian study has found that it is both feasible and desirable to open those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year.
Concepts tested here: Meaning + Modifiers + Verb Forms + Tenses + Idioms + Awkwardness/Redundancy• The simple past tense is the correct tense for referring to hypothetical situations in the current time frame.
• The present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present.
• The simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past
• In a “phrase + comma + noun” construction, the phrase must correctly modify the noun; this is one of the most frequently tested concepts on GMAT sentence correction.
• “both A and B" or "A as well as B" are the correct usages; A and B must be parallel and comparable.
A: This answer choice incorrectly uses the simple past tense verb "found" to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present; remember, the present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present, and the simple past tense is used to refer to actions that concluded in the past. Moreover, Option A incorrectly uses the simple present tense verb "are" to refer to a hypothetical action in the current time frame; remember, the simple past tense is the correct tense for referring to hypothetical situations in the current time frame. Further, Option A incorrectly uses the unidiomatic construction "both A as well as B"; remember, “both A and B" or "A as well as B" are the correct usages; A and B must be parallel and comparable. Additionally, Option A uses the passive voice construction "it was found by a joint Canadian–Russian study to be", leading to awkwardness and redundancy.
B: This answer choice incorrectly uses "Currently used by only two or three planes a day" to modify "a joint Canadian–Russian study", incorrectly implying that
a joint Canadian–Russian study is currently used by only two or three planes a day; the intended meaning is that
air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day; remember, in a “phrase + comma + noun” construction, the phrase must correctly modify the noun. Further, Option B incorrectly uses the simple present tense verb "are" to refer to a hypothetical action in the current time frame; remember, the simple past tense is the correct tense for referring to hypothetical situations in the current time frame.
C: This answer choice fails to form a complete sentence; as "finding" is a present participle ("verb+ing") acting as a modifier, there is no active verb to act upon the subject noun "A joint Canadian–Russian study".
D: Correct. This answer choice acts upon the independent subject noun "a joint Canadian–Russian study" with the active verb "has found" to form a complete thought, leading to a complete sentence. Further, Option D avoids the meaning errors seen in Options B and E, as it uses the phrase "Although air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day"; the construction of this phrase conveys the intended meaning - that
air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day,
but it is both feasible and desirable to open those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year, as a joint Canadian–Russian study has found. Additionally, Option D correctly uses the present perfect tense verb "has found" to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present. Moreover, Option D avoids the tense error related to the use of hypotheticals, seen in Options A and B, as it presents no hypothetical actions. Option D also correctly uses the idiomatic construction "both A and B". Besides, Option D is free of any awkwardness or redundancy.
E: This answer choice alters the meaning of the sentence through the phrase "With air traffic routes over the North Pole currently used by only two or three planes a day"; the construction of this phrase incorrectly implies that
because air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day, it is both feasible and desirable to open those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year, as a joint Canadian–Russian study has found; the intended meaning is that air traffic routes over the North Pole are currently used by only two or three planes a day,
but it is both feasible and desirable to open those routes to thousands more commercial planes a year, as a joint Canadian–Russian study has found. Further, Option E uses the passive voice construction "has been found", leading to awkwardness and redundancy.
Hence, D is the best answer choice.To understand the concept of "Phrase Comma Subject" and "Subject Comma Phrase" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~1 minute):
To understand the concept of "Simple Tenses" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):
To understand the concept of "Present Perfect Tense" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):
All the best!
Experts' Global Team