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Women's grassroots activism and their vision of a new civic consciousn
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Updated on: 17 Aug 2019, 04:04
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Women's grassroots activism and their vision of a new civic consciousness lay at the heart of social reform in the United States throughout the Progressive Era, the period between the depression of 1893 and America's entry into the Second World War. Though largely disenfranchised except for school elections, white middle-class women reformers won a variety of victories, notably in the improvement of working conditions, especially for women and children. Ironically, though, child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another. To the reformers, child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed, but, as a number of women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view. Given the precarious finances of working-class families and the necessity of pooling the wages of as many family members as possible, working-class families viewed the passage and enforcement of stringent child labor statutes as a personal economic disaster and made strenuous efforts to circumvent child labor laws. Yet reformers rarely understood this resistance in terms of the desperate economic situation of working-class families, interpreting it instead as evidence of poor parenting. This is not to dispute women reformers' perception of child labor as a terribly exploitative practice, but their understanding of child labor and their legislative solutions for ending it failed to take account of the economic needs of working-class families.
A explain why women reformers of the Progressive Era failed to achieve their goals B discuss the origins of child labor laws in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries C compare the living conditions of working-class and middle-class women in the Progressive Era D discuss an oversight on the part of women reformers of the Progressive Era E revise a traditional view of the role played by women reformers in enacting Progressive Era reforms
2. The view mentioned in the highlight text of the passage refers to which of the following?
A Some working-class mothers' resistance to the enforcement of child labor laws B Reformers' belief that child labor and industrial home work should be abolished C Reformers' opinions about how working-class families raised their children D Certain women historians' observation that there was a lack of consensus between women of different classes on the issue of child labor and industrial home work E Working-class families' fears about the adverse consequences that child labor laws would have on their ability to earn an adequate living
3. The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text)[women historians have recently observed] most probably in order to
A provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence B raise a question that is answered in the last sentence of the passage C introduce an opinion that challenges a statement made in the first sentence of the passage D offer an alternative view to the one attributed in the passage to working-class mothers E point out a contradiction inherent in the traditional view of child labor reform as it is presented in the passage
4. The passage suggests that which of the following was a reason for the difference of opinion between working class mothers and women reformers on the issue of child labor?
A Reformers' belief that industrial home work was preferable to child labor outside the home B Reformers' belief that child labor laws should pertain to working conditions but not to pay C Working-class mothers' resentment at reformers' attempts to interfere with their parenting D Working-class mothers' belief that child labor was an inhumane practice E Working-class families' need for every employable member of their families to earn money
5. The author of the passage asserts which of the following about women reformers who tried to abolish child labor?
A They alienated working-class mothers by attempting to enlist them in agitating for progressive causes. B They underestimated the prevalence of child labor among the working classes. C They were correct in their conviction that child labor was deplorable but shortsighted about the impact of child labor legislation on working-class families. D They were aggressive in their attempts to enforce child labor legislation, but were unable to prevent working-class families from circumventing them. E They were prevented by their nearly total disenfranchisement from making significant progress in child labor reform.
6. According to the passage, one of the most striking achievements of white middle-class women reformers during the progressive Era was
A gaining the right to vote in school elections B mobilizing working-class women in the fight against child labor C uniting women of different classes in grassroots activism D improving the economic conditions of working- class families E improving women's and children's working conditions
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16 Aug 2015, 08:56
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Time Taken: 12 mins. The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text) most probably in order to A provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence >> Ironically, though, child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another. To the reformers, child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed, but, as a number of women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view. B raise a question that is answered in the last sentence of the passage C introduce an opinion that challenges a statement made in the first sentence of the passage D offer an alternative view to the one attributed in the passage to working-class mothers E point out a contradiction inherent in the traditional view of child labor reform as it is presented in the passage >> I went for this but then realized my mistake. There is no traditional view of CL presented in Para. Author mentions CL as case, which pitted women of different classes against one another. What confused me was "women historians have recently observed".
The passage suggests that which of the following was a reason for the difference of opinion between working class mothers and women reformers on the issue of child labor? A Reformers' belief that industrial home work was preferable to child labor outside the home B Reformers' belief that child labor laws should pertain to working conditions but not to pay C Working-class mothers' resentment at reformers' attempts to interfere with their parenting D Working-class mothers' belief that child labor was an inhumane practice E Working-class families' need for every employable member of their families to earn money >>the passage and enforcement of stringent child labor statutes as a personal economic disaster and made strenuous efforts to circumvent child labor laws. Yet reformers rarely understood this resistance in terms of the desperate economic situation of working-class families, interpreting it instead as evidence of poor parenting
Re: Women's grassroots activism and their vision of a new civic consciousn
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19 Jan 2016, 20:09
Hi there,
I'm reviewing the responses for this particular question and am seeing a lot of inconsistencies. And where I see commonalities in users' responses, I disagree with them. Should this proper answer to this question not be as follows?
12) The primary purpose of this passage is to... D - Discuss an oversight on the part of women reformers of the Progressive Era 13) The view mentioned in line 17 ("Working class mothers did not always share this view, Given the precarious finances...") refers to which of the following? - B - Reformer's belief that child labor and industrial home work should be abolished 14) The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians ("Working class mothers did not always share this view...") most probably in order to... A - Provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence lines (lines 10-12) 15) The passage suggests that which of the following was a reason for the difference of opinion between working class mothers and reformers? E - Working class families need for every employable member of their families to earn money 16) The author of the passage asserts which of the following about women reformers who tried to abolish child labor? C - They were correct in their conviction that child labor was deplorable but shortsighted about the impact child labor legislation had on working class families 17) According to the passage, one of the most striking achievements of middle-class women reformers during the progressive era was... E - improving women's and children's working conditions
To summarize: My argument is that the correct answers for this reading passage are as follows: D, B , A, E, C, E
While I like to discuss these topics, what I like more is a consistent answer at the end of the thread, so that other people (like myself), can take that as a validated answer by the community. When a thread is left like this with multiple and different responses, it doesn't us any good, and leaves things pretty vague. I look forward to your feedback, all.
Re: Women's grassroots activism and their vision of a new civic consciousn
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06 Feb 2017, 06:50
Hi Friends and mikemcgarry, "The author of the passage asserts which of the following about women reformers who tried to abolish child labor? A They alienated working-class mothers by attempting to enlist them in agitating for progressive causes. B They underestimated the prevalence of child labor among the working classes. C They were correct in their conviction that child labor was deplorable but shortsighted about the impact of child labor legislation on working-class families. D They were aggressive in their attempts to enforce child labor legislation, but were unable to prevent working-class families from circumventing them. E They were prevented by their nearly total disenfranchisement from making significant progress in child labor reform"
I have a problem with D in this question. First I struggled C and D, although I got C eventually, but I have no idea what's problem with D, I read the OA, it says "the reformers' activities involved prompted legislation; there is no evidence in the passage that the reformers themselves attempted to enforce these laws."
Would you please help how should I figure out it is "the reformers' activities, not reformers themselves
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06 Feb 2017, 17:23
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zoezhuyan wrote:
Hi Friends and mikemcgarry, "The author of the passage asserts which of the following about women reformers who tried to abolish child labor? A They alienated working-class mothers by attempting to enlist them in agitating for progressive causes. B They underestimated the prevalence of child labor among the working classes. C They were correct in their conviction that child labor was deplorable but shortsighted about the impact of child labor legislation on working-class families. D They were aggressive in their attempts to enforce child labor legislation, but were unable to prevent working-class families from circumventing them. E They were prevented by their nearly total disenfranchisement from making significant progress in child labor reform"
I have a problem with D in this question. First I struggled C and D, although I got C eventually, but I have no idea what's problem with D, I read the OA, it says "the reformers' activities involved prompted legislation; there is no evidence in the passage that the reformers themselves attempted to enforce these laws."
Would you please help how should I figure out it is "the reformers' activities, not reformers themselves
My friend, this is case in which what you are missing is not really in the passage but in an understanding of how the real world works.
Let's talk a very different issue in US history. In the 1960s, there were massive civil rights demonstrations, and in a great triumph for democracy, these demonstrators succeeded in getting civil rights legislation. You see, the way at least American society works is---before the law has been passed, the demonstrators have a lot of work to do. They have to continue to make the argument and attempt to sway public opinion. Once the law is passed, the job of those demonstrators is 100% done. They go home. Now that there's a law, it's entirely up to the police and the courts to enforce the law. That's a very different job. Police and courts simply enforce whatever the law is. By contrast, demonstrators and activists are trying to change what is the law. Two completely different jobs. This is very clear from background knowledge.
I realize that this all might be a bit unfamiliar to you, since you grew up in China. I will say, insofar as the GMAT has passages about American history, and especially if you ever plan to come to business school in the USA, it would be very good to have at least a passing familiarity with the various US civil right movements of the past century. Despite it's profession of equality when it was founded 200+ years ago, the USA has had atrocious inequalities of race, gender, etc. in its history, and even in 2016, it is far from a perfect equality for everyone. I think that sad fact is very important for every foreign citizen coming to live in the US to appreciate.
All of this is implied in this this passage. The women reformers were concerned with getting a law passed: we are a bit unclear on exactly how they made their case, but somehow, they succeed in getting this law passed. Once a law is passed, it's the job of the police and the courts to enforce the law. It's not explicitly stated in the passage, but again it's good background knowledge to know that, unlike in 2016, absolutely no woman was a police officer or a judge in the USA in the late 1800s. Of course these women were not involved in enforcing the law once it had been passed. After all, enforcing the law is a very very different job from getting a new law passed.
How does it work in China? Presumably the people who make the law and the people who enforce the law are usually not the same people, right? Similarly, if someone gets the government to change the law, that same person is not out there enforcing the law, right?
This sense of what happens in the real world is crucial for understanding GMAT CR and RC. See: [urlhttps://magoosh.com/gmat/2014/gmat-critical-reasoning-and-outside-knowledge/]GMAT Critical Reasoning and Outside Knowledge[/url] A similar logic applies to the GMAT RC.
My friend, this is case in which what you are missing is not really in the passage but in an understanding of how the real world works.
Let's talk a very different issue in US history. In the 1960s, there were massive civil rights demonstrations, and in a great triumph for democracy, these demonstrators succeeded in getting civil rights legislation. You see, the way at least American society works is---before the law has been passed, the demonstrators have a lot of work to do. They have to continue to make the argument and attempt to sway public opinion. Once the law is passed, the job of those demonstrators is 100% done. They go home. Now that there's a law, it's entirely up to the police and the courts to enforce the law. That's a very different job. Police and courts simply enforce whatever the law is. By contrast, demonstrators and activists are trying to change what is the law. Two completely different jobs. This is very clear from background knowledge.
I realize that this all might be a bit unfamiliar to you, since you grew up in China. I will say, insofar as the GMAT has passages about American history, and especially if you ever plan to come to business school in the USA, it would be very good to have at least a passing familiarity with the various US civil right movements of the past century. Despite it's profession of equality when it was founded 200+ years ago, the USA has had atrocious inequalities of race, gender, etc. in its history, and even in 2016, it is far from a perfect equality for everyone. I think that sad fact is very important for every foreign citizen coming to live in the US to appreciate.
All of this is implied in this this passage. The women reformers were concerned with getting a law passed: we are a bit unclear on exactly how they made their case, but somehow, they succeed in getting this law passed. Once a law is passed, it's the job of the police and the courts to enforce the law. It's not explicitly stated in the passage, but again it's good background knowledge to know that, unlike in 2016, absolutely no woman was a police officer or a judge in the USA in the late 1800s. Of course these women were not involved in enforcing the law once it had been passed. After all, enforcing the law is a very very different job from getting a new law passed.
How does it work in China? Presumably the people who make the law and the people who enforce the law are usually not the same people, right? Similarly, if someone gets the government to change the law, that same person is not out there enforcing the law, right?
This sense of what happens in the real world is crucial for understanding GMAT CR and RC. See: [urlhttps://magoosh.com/gmat/2014/gmat-critical-reasoning-and-outside-knowledge/]GMAT Critical Reasoning and Outside Knowledge[/url] A similar logic applies to the GMAT RC.
Does all this make sense? Mike
Hi mikemcgarry, thanks so much indeed. I've heard that , in USA, the demonstrators would do their jobs before the law passed, but I have never combined my heard with this question.
For law, as a generally citizen, I have narrow knowledge about it , as I know, the people who maintain the what the law is and the people who make what is the law are different.
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09 May 2017, 20:45
[quote="JarvisR"]Time Taken: 12 mins. The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text) most probably in order to A provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence >> Ironically, though, child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another. To the reformers, child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed, but, as a number of women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view.
Hi
I have question here about why A is correct.
I see the highlighted sentence is starting from BUT even though yo are mentioning it is supporting the preceding sentence, Do yo think we should look for one sentence before [color=#6ecff6] Ironically, though, child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another.
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21 Jul 2017, 03:18
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Q.1 The primary purpose of the passage is to Tone of the passage is neutral; Key line is - "working-class mothers did not always share this view" ; passage starts with citing work done by the reformers and then explores the oversight of middle class women and reformers. A explain why women reformers of the Progressive Era failed to achieve their goals <no such failure has been mentioned; misunderstanding of a view doesn't mean failure of a goal - incorrect > B discuss the origins of child labor laws in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries <none of the origins has been mentioned - incorrect > C compare the living conditions of working-class and middle-class women in the Progressive Era <no such comparison made - incorrect > D discuss an oversight on the part of women reformers of the Progressive Era <correct> E revise a traditional view of the role played by women reformers in enacting Progressive Era reforms <view of the role played by the women reformers is nowhere revised in the passage - incorrect >
Q.2 The view mentioned in the highlight text of the passage refers to which of the following? Specific detail question that is mentioned in the line - it is reformers view - "To the reformers, child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed" A Some working-class mothers' resistance to the enforcement of child labor laws < we need reformers view not the WCM's view - incorrect > B Reformers' belief that child labor and industrial home work should be abolished <correct> C Reformers' opinions about how working-class families raised their children <no such opinion referred near the "view" - attribution to the wrong segment of the passage - incorrect > D Certain women historians' observation that there was a lack of consensus between women of different classes on the issue of child labor and industrial home work <it is not reformers' view - incorrect > E Working-class families' fears about the adverse consequences that child labor laws would have on their ability to earn an adequate living <we need reformers' view - incorrect >
Q.3 The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text) most probably in order to A provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence B raise a question that is answered in the last sentence of the passage C introduce an opinion that challenges a statement made in the first sentence of the passage D offer an alternative view to the one attributed in the passage to working-class mothers E point out a contradiction inherent in the traditional view of child labor reform as it is presented in the passage
How to differentiate among answer options - A, B, and E?
Q.4 The passage suggests that which of the following was a reason for the difference of opinion between working class mothers and women reformers on the issue of child labor? Failure to understand the financial reason that is mentioned in the passage A Reformers' belief that industrial home work was preferable to child labor outside the home <no such comparison is made - incorrect > B Reformers' belief that child labor laws should pertain to working conditions but not to pay <out of context - incorrect > C Working-class mothers' resentment at reformers' attempts to interfere with their parenting <no such "resentment" has been mentioned - incorrect > D Working-class mothers' belief that child labor was an inhumane practice <out of scope - incorrect > E Working-class families' need for every employable member of their families to earn money <As stated in the passage - correct >
Q.5 The author of the passage asserts which of the following about women reformers who tried to abolish child labor? The relevant information is present in the first two lines of the passage A They alienated working-class mothers by attempting to enlist them in agitating for progressive causes. <out of context - incorrect > B They underestimated the prevalence of child labor among the working classes. <out of scope - incorrect > C They were correct in their conviction that child labor was deplorable but shortsighted about the impact of child labor legislation on working-class families. < Correct > D They were aggressive in their attempts to enforce child labor legislation, but were unable to prevent working-class families from circumventing them. < hyper statement - no such event mentioned in the passage - incorrect > E They were prevented by their nearly total disenfranchisement from making significant progress in child labor reform. < incorrect C->E correlation mentioned - incorrect >
Q.6 According to the passage, one of the most striking achievements of white middle-class women reformers during the progressive Era was Specific detail question directly from the line - "white middle-class women reformers won a variety of victories, notably in the improvement of working conditions, especially for women and children." A gaining the right to vote in school elections < tweaking the information present in the passage - incorrect > B mobilizing working-class women in the fight against child labor <action attributed to the wrong class - out of scope - incorrect > C uniting women of different classes in grassroots activism <180 turn - incorrect> D improving the economic conditions of working- class families <out of scope - incorrect> E improving women's and children's working conditions <correct>
What do you think about the reasons mentioned above to reject the wrong answer options?
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02 Sep 2017, 08:41
pikolo2510 wrote:
All Correct (yay!) Time taken : - 8 mins 34 seconds
Good job! This was a tricky passage.
Time taken : 8 minutes
I ended up missing question number 3. After going through the OA, I understood my mistake. I basically hesitate in going back to the passage for certain questions. Do you jot down notes while reading the passage?
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02 Sep 2017, 08:56
Dkingdom wrote:
pikolo2510 wrote:
All Correct (yay!) Time taken : - 8 mins 34 seconds
Good job! This was a tricky passage.
Time taken : 8 minutes
I ended up missing question number 3. After going through the OA, I understood my mistake. I basically hesitate in going back to the passage for certain questions. Do you jot down notes while reading the passage?
I actually tried that approach in which I took notes from the passage and guess what my accuracy was very poor while solving passages. I read GMATNinja's article regarding RCs in which he said to look at the bigger picture and try to understand what the author is trying to convey. With this new approach, my accuracy increased to 90%
I always refer back to the passage if I am unclear about the answer.
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29 Oct 2017, 05:49
3. The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text)[women historians have recently observed] most probably in order to A provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence B raise a question that is answered in the last sentence of the passage C introduce an opinion that challenges a statement made in the first sentence of the passage D offer an alternative view to the one attributed in the passage to working-class mothers E point out a contradiction inherent in the traditional view of child labor reform as it is presented in the passage
women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view. Historian observation is in contradiction with previous sentence.(before highlighted text) but answer is given as A.
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07 Oct 2018, 19:34
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to PT - initially women got some success + challenges in middle + last why could not achieve . A explain why women reformers of the Progressive Era failed to achieve their goals --- this is only the last part of the para. there are some success too. B discuss the origins of child labor laws in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ---- not true. C compare the living conditions of working-class and middle-class women in the Progressive Era ---- no this one is small part of whole thing. D discuss an oversight on the part of women reformers of the Progressive Era --- vocab is good; discuss ; seems best of the lot. E revise a traditional view of the role played by women reformers in enacting Progressive Era reforms --- revise, not a good word here. that too of traditional view - no
-----------------------------------------
2. The view mentioned in the highlight text of the passage refers to which of the following?
To the reformers, child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed, but, as a number of women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view.
B Reformers' belief that child labor and industrial home work should be abolished -
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3. The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text)[women historians have recently observed] most probably in order to
To the reformers, child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed, but, as a number of women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view.
A provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence
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4. The passage suggests that which of the following was a reason for the difference of opinion between working class mothers and women reformers on the issue of child labor?
E Working-class families' need for every employable member of their families to earn money - no doubt this one is right, last line of the passage.
------------------------------------------
5. The author of the passage asserts which of the following about women reformers who tried to abolish child labor?
C They were correct in their conviction that child labor was deplorable but shortsighted about the impact of child labor legislation on working-class families. -
-------------------------------------------
6. According to the passage, one of the most striking achievements of white middle-class women reformers during the progressive Era was
Though largely disenfranchised except for school elections, white middle-class women reformers won a variety of victories, notably in the improvement of working conditions, especially for women and children.
E improving women's and children's working conditions
_________________
Thanks! Do give some kudos.
Simple strategy: “Once you’ve eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”
well i don't understand the third question. My only reason for selecting Choice A is because all others are very wrong.
3. The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text)[women historians have recently observed] most probably in order to
To the reformers, child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed, but, as a number of women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view.
(A) provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence
Couldn't connect how A is the answer of the question.
We have a view point of reformers against which we have a observation by number of women historians. So this observation is raised to argue against or show a different view than held by reformers.
But choice (A) says provide support for assertion ( fact or belief) in the preceding sentence. How does it support the preceding sentence. I mean can you explain me what " number of women historians have recently observed, working-class mothers did not always share this view" is providing support for?
Probus
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Probus
~You Just Can't beat the person who never gives up~ Babe Ruth
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06 Nov 2018, 19:23
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Hello Probus may I indulge myself to share my view with your permission
To me the prior sentence is : 'Ironically, though, child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another ' - this is the assertion made by the author of the piece.
Now one class of women ( presumably , white middle-class women reformers ) think that : child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed
And the other class of women , working class women, (as recently observed by the women historians) do not share the aforementioned view.
Thus, the highlighted part (women historians have recently observed) is proving and/or supporting the point that two classes of women shared different view.
Hope this helps!!
_________________
Please let me know if I am going in wrong direction. Thanks in appreciation.
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06 Nov 2018, 20:18
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Probus - First, right POE bring you to the the right choice this means you are doing right things. kudos to that. Regarding your doubt, You have missed one simple thing. choice A is talking about "the preceding sentence", while you have not mentioned it. look at the situation this way.
Add this part to explanation , try to make its connection with rest, Hope you will get the explanation on your own.
Quote:
child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another.
_________________
Thanks! Do give some kudos.
Simple strategy: “Once you’ve eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth.”
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25 Jan 2019, 22:22
I could not understand the solution of question 3. How can it provide assertion of preceding sentence because preceding sentence . I think it is not supporting it is just explaining the preceding sentence . Please correct if i am wrong.
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27 Jan 2019, 14:36
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Piggu18 wrote:
I could not understand the solution of question 3. How can it provide assertion of preceding sentence because preceding sentence . I think it is not supporting it is just explaining the preceding sentence . Please correct if i am wrong.
Hello Piggu18 ....... I tried my explanation for this Q3 earlier. I am not sure if you have missed that ( if not .. then the below would be a reiteration)
Below is my take :
To me the prior sentence is : 'Ironically, though, child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another ' - this is the assertion made by the author of the piece.
Now one class of women ( presumably , white middle-class women reformers ) think that : child labor and industrial home work were equally inhumane practices that should be outlawed
And the other class of women , working class women, (as recently observed by the women historians) do not share the aforementioned view.
Thus, the highlighted part (women historians have recently observed) is proving and/or supporting the point that two classes of women shared different view.
Hope this helps!!
_________________
Please let me know if I am going in wrong direction. Thanks in appreciation.
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05 Jul 2019, 20:08
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mzaid wrote:
Can someone please explain the Q3, as the OA is A, But it is quite opposite to the one stated in previous line.
Quote:
3. The author of the passage mentions the observations of women historians (the highlight text)[women historians have recently observed] most probably in order to
A provide support for an assertion made in the preceding sentence B raise a question that is answered in the last sentence of the passage C introduce an opinion that challenges a statement made in the first sentence of the passage D offer an alternative view to the one attributed in the passage to working-class mothers E point out a contradiction inherent in the traditional view of child labor reform as it is presented in the passage
Notice that choice (A) refers to the preceding sentence, not the preceding line!
The preceding sentence is, "Ironically, though, child labor legislation pitted women of different classes against one another." The observations of women historians -- described in the subsequent sentence ("To the reformers... share this view.") -- support that statement.
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