Artificial neural networks, named so as to distinguish them from real

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A) describe artificial neural networks
B) contrast artificial neural networks with neural networks found in brains
C) illustrate how to build an artificial neural network
D) argue for the wider adoption of artificial neural networks
E) outline the different units of an artificial neural network and their roles in producing intelligence


The only two options competing here are (A) and (E). All the others are either out of scope or too limited in scope. The reason for choosing (E) over (A) is that A is too broad in scope. Describing Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) could mean a host of things, but here, description is limited to talking about its units and their relevance. Thus, E particularly focuses on the exact purpose of the passage and its scope encompasses both the paragraphs.

2 It can be inferred from the passage that real neural networks

A) are to be considered superior to artificial neural networks
B) consist of input, hidden, and output units
C) inspired the development of artificial neural networks
D) are more capable of recognizing patterns than artificial neural networks
E) will someday become obsolete

Again, the two choices in competition here are (B) and (C). (A), (D) and (E) are definitely not stated in the passage and can, therefore, not be inferred.
We can also not infer with surety that the real neural networks consist of these three units that are present in ANN. Of course the passage says that ANNs 'are designed to simulate the activity of real neural networks by packing interconnected "brain cells," or units', however, we are not precisely given that real neural networks contain only three units and these three units are input, hidden and output. For all we know, real neural networks maybe have 6 units but for the sake of simplicity, only three of them were used to create ANNs. But we can certainly infer from the passage that the real neural networks inspired the development of ANNs. Thus, (C) is out correct choice.

3. According to the passage, which of the following best represents the optimal flow of information through an artificial neural network?

A) A model is shown to the input units which pass information to the output units which describe the model.
B) Information is fed to the input units which activate the hidden units which then change the input units to more closely resemble the model.
C) The input units receive information to give to the hidden units which then forward information to the output units to compare against a model.
D) A model is shown to the input units which then attempt to recreate the model using different information.
E) The input units are activated by information fed to them via the output units which analyze a model and improve the information before handing it to the input units.

(A) is not correct because it skips mentioning the hidden layer which is an important part of ANNs - everything else mentioned in (A) is correct. Let's check to see if we have a better option, otherwise, this may be our answer.
(B) It starts off well, talking about the input and hidden units, however, the ending is wrong. It does not mention the output unit and even goes to show that the hidden units change the input units to match the model. In reality, the output units change the weights in the hidden units, Hence, this option is incorrect.
(C) This option states the facts correctly and is a better choice than (A).
(D) It only talks about input units, which is wrong.
(E) This is wrong because inputs units are not fed with information given by output units. Moreover, output units do not hand information to the input units. This choice is definitely incorrect.

This is one of the easier questions. According to the passage, there are three units involved in ANNs - input, hidden and output. Only option (C) talks about all these three units and is our correct choice.

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

A) describe artificial neural networks
B) contrast artificial neural networks with neural networks found in brains
C) illustrate how to build an artificial neural network
D) argue for the wider adoption of artificial neural networks
E) outline the different units of an artificial neural network and their roles in producing intelligence-> Correct
Explanation:
para 1: Why Artificial Neuro Networks are developed and their main parts.
Para 2: How Artificial Neuro Networks each part work and produce output.

2.It can be inferred from the passage that real neural networks

A) are to be considered superior to artificial neural networks
B) consist of input, hidden, and output units
C) inspired the development of artificial neural networks->Correct
Explanation
Para 1: "Artificial neural networks...... are designed to simulate the activity of real neural networks by packing interconnected "brain cells," or units, so a computer can learn and recognize patterns on its own."
Para2: "By constructing artificial neural networks in this way, the networks can learn through information flow in a manner similar to how a real brain learns"
D) are more capable of recognizing patterns than artificial neural networks
E) will someday become obsolete.


3. According to the passage, which of the following best represents the optimal flow of information through an artificial neural network?

A) A model is shown to the input units which pass information to the output units which describe the model.
B) Information is fed to the input units which activate the hidden units which then change the input units to more closely resemble the model.-> Correct.
Explanation
Para 2 "..Information is passed to the input units, which trigger the hidden units. The hidden units are activated and the sum of the inputs it receives triggers the next unit to fire if the sum exceeds a certain threshold..."
C) The input units receive information to give to the hidden units which then forward information to the output units to compare against a model.
D) A model is shown to the input units which then attempt to recreate the model using different information.
E) The input units are activated by information fed to them via the output units which analyze a model and improve the information before handing it to the input units.

Paragraph 1 : introduces term “Artificial neural networks(ANN)” and its role is to simulate how real brain learns. ANN structure consists of 3 units
Paragraph 2: How the 3 units interact in order to learn like a real brian
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A) describe artificial neural networks – the author is not just describing what ANN is . The focus is on 3 units and how they work to learn
B) contrast artificial neural networks with neural networks found in brains – ]there is no contrast
C) illustrate how to build an artificial neural network – we are not given a process of how to build ANN. We are just told about its structure and function.
D) argue for the wider adoption of artificial neural networks – there is no argument on adoption of ANN
E) outline the different units of an artificial neural network and their roles in producing intelligence – this is correct


2 It can be inferred from the passage that real neural networks

A) are to be considered superior to artificial neural networks—
B) consist of input, hidden, and output units per 1st sentence of paragraph2 “By constructing artificial neural networks in this way, the networks can learn through information flow in a manner similar to how a real brain learns” . This is to say that because of given structure of ANN , information flow in ANN is similar to that of real brain .this means real Brian has also has 3 units for information flow. this choice is correct

C) inspired the development of artificial neural networks – we don’t know what inspired the development itself
D) are more capable of recognizing patterns than artificial neural networks – in real life this may sound true , but there is nothing mentioned about capability of recognizing patterns.
E) will someday become obsolete – this is irrelevant

3. According to the passage, which of the following best represents the optimal flow of information through an artificial neural network?

A) A model is shown to the input units which pass information to the output units which describe the model. – A model for comparison is given to output unit
B) Information is fed to the input units which activate the hidden units which then change the input units to more closely resemble the model.-hidden unit don’t change input
C) The input units receive information to give to the hidden units which then forward information to the output units to compare against a model- this is correct
D) A model is shown to the input units which then attempt to recreate the model using different - A model for comparison is given to output unit information.
E) The input units are activated by information fed to them via the output units which analyze a model and improve the information before handing it to the input units. -its no where given that input units get information from output unit

Q1.
A. Correct. Para1 deals with the components of Artificial Neural Netwroks (ANN). Para2 deals with constructing an ANN and its working. Hence the idea of the passage is to describe ANN.
B. It is mentioned that ANN construction takes clues from Real Neural Networks (RNN), but no contrast is mentioned.
C. This is the function of para1 only.
D. No such argument.
E. This is mentioned in the passage. But this is not the sole purpose of the passage.

Q2.
A. There is no supporting info to infer this.
B. This info is mentioned explicitly. Need not be inferred.
C. Correct We can infer this from the opening sentence of the passage - "Artificial neural networks, named so as to distinguish them from real neural networks found inside a brain, are designed to simulate the activity of real neural networks ". The word simulate is the key. Only when we are inspired by something, we try to simulate that. Its an example of biomimicry (outside info)
E. Same as A.

Q3.
Only Option C is in line with the entire process as described in para2.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A) describe artificial neural networks - Correct
B) contrast artificial neural networks with neural networks found in brains
C) illustrate how to build an artificial neural network
D) argue for the wider adoption of artificial neural networks
E) outline the different units of an artificial neural network and their roles in producing intelligence


Correct answer: A
Explanation: Options B & D are sttraigtaway out of scope, as nowhere in the passage, author mentions argument or contrast in detail, or at all. Options A,C & E are close to each other.
Option E can be rejected because the author does outline the different units and their roles but not in producing intelligence, but to make the responses close to how it works in a real brain.
Option D, because author is not illustratating build an artificial neural network, so option A seems the best choice.


2 It can be inferred from the passage that real neural networks

A) are to be considered superior to artificial neural networks
B) consist of input, hidden, and output units
C) inspired the development of artificial neural networks
D) are more capable of recognizing patterns than artificial neural networks - Correct
E) will someday become obsolete


Correct Answer: D
Explanation - D is the correct answer because it is the only option that can be deduced from the details discussed in the passage, in the 6 lines.
Option A is obvious but not discussed in the passage.
Option B - artificial neural networks consist of input, hidden, and output units, but nothing is mentioned about real neural networks.
Option C - we can say so, but its not mentioned in the passage.
Option E - its not mentioned in the passage, and considering that real neural networks are actually inside the brain, it can never become obsolete.


3. According to the passage, which of the following best represents the optimal flow of information through an artificial neural network?

A) A model is shown to the input units which pass information to the output units which describe the model.
B) Information is fed to the input units which activate the hidden units which then change the input units to more closely resemble the model.
C) The input units receive information to give to the hidden units which then forward information to the output units to compare against a model.Correct
D) A model is shown to the input units which then attempt to recreate the model using different information.
E) The input units are activated by information fed to them via the output units which analyze a model and improve the information before handing it to the input units.


Correct Answer: C, since its the best option which resembles the process mentioned in the passage.
Explanation: We need to compare which of the options best resembles this: "Information is passed to the input units, which trigger the hidden units. The hidden units are activated and the sum of the inputs it receives triggers the next unit to fire if the sum exceeds a certain threshold. By giving the output units a model to compare the result of the learning process to, the artificial neural network can learn where to place more weight in order to make the result of the output unit more closely resemble that of the model."
Option A - Incorrect as mentioned in the passage: input units pass the information to the hidden units and not the output units directly.
Option B - Incorrect, since hidden units, dont change the input, they receive the input and the sum of the inputs received triggers the next unit.
Option D - Completely wrong.
Option E - again, completely wrong.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

Para 1: What are Artificial Neural networks (ANN) + their parts
Para 2: How ANN works

A) describe artificial neural networks This was a tough contender but C gives a more detailed description
B) contrast artificial neural networks with neural networks found in brains Incorrect. No contrast made
C) illustrate how to build an artificial neural network Incorrect. We're not told how to make it
D) argue for the wider adoption of artificial neural networks Incorrect. There is no argument
E) outline the different units of an artificial neural network and their roles in producing intelligence Correct. Gives correct description of the passage


2 It can be inferred from the passage that real neural networks

A) are to be considered superior to artificial neural networks Incorrect. Not explicitly said in or implied by the passage
B) consist of input, hidden, and output units Incorrect. this is mentioned w.r.t artificial
C) inspired the development of artificial neural networks Correct. Since ANN simulates real neural networks, we can infer that ANN is inspired from Real Neural Networks
D) are more capable of recognizing patterns than artificial neural networks Incorrect. Nothing of this sort can be inferred
E) will someday become obsolete Incorrect. Nothing of this sort can be inferred


3. According to the passage, which of the following best represents the optimal flow of information through an artificial neural network?

This is mentioned in the 2nd para



A) A model is shown to the input units which pass information to the output units which describe the model. Incorrect. Information is passed to input units
B) Information is fed to the input units which activate the hidden units which then change the input units to more closely resemble the model. Incorrect. Input units are themselves not changed.
C) The input units receive information to give to the hidden units which then forward information to the output units to compare against a model. Correct. The series matches that shown in the highlighted part of quote
D) A model is shown to the input units which then attempt to recreate the model using different information. Incorrect. Doesn't conform to the steps in the quote
E) The input units are activated by information fed to them via the output units which analyze a model and improve the information before handing it to the input units. Incorrect. output units give results and do not pass information to input units

OAs of this RC

1. A
2. C
3. C

Best explanation here is by Gautam12121991

We are halfway to the end of this competition, thank you to all of you who participated. I will post next RCs and leader's board update shortly. If anyone of you have any question or suggestion he/she can PM me.

Regards.

Hi SajjadAhmad

What was the difficulty level of Q1

Q. 1 (700)
Q. 2 (650)
Q. 3 (600)

Overall : 650

please post official explanations

Hope it helps

1)A
2)C
3) C
it took me 6 min to answer this passage