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D. "it: in C is not correct. it should be they. also need "than" after less to make the comparision logical.
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Option "C" vs "D" -

Cause ->adjustments for inflation
Effect-1 -> relative cost of welfare benefits dropping
Effect-2 (Final Effect) -> welfare program now cost less

The final effect should always refer to the main cause not the previous effect (intermediate cause).

option "C" - Resulting would refer back to the relative cost (final effect refers to previous effect - wrong )
option "D" - and as a result clearly mean that welfare program now cost less because of adjustments for inflation (final effect refers to main cause - correct)
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biddu
With adjustments for inflation,the relative cost of welfare benefits has been dropping since 1973, resulting in the welfare program now costing about 3 billion real dollars less to implement than in 1973

(a)resulting in the welfare program now costing about 3 billion real dollars less to implement than
(b)resulting in the welfare program now costing about 3 billion real dollars less to implement as
(c)resulting in the welfare program now costing about 3 billion real dollars less to implement than it did
(d)and as a result the welfare program now costs about 3 billion real dollars less to implement than it did
(e)and the welfare program now costs about 3 billion real dollars less as a result to implement than


V~ing phrase following a sentence with a comma mainly serves two grammatical functions:
1) it can refer back to the subject of the main clause, which in this case is "the cost"
2) it can also refer to the "whole thought" of the sentence: that the cost has been dropping since 1973.
A per this question, I think the second rule seems more appropriate since it's the event that resulted what came after. In other words, the cost by itself couldn't have resulted the second event.

I chose D as the correct answer not because the "resulting ~ phase" violated any rules, but because I thought its usage was not particularly stellar.
The sentence wants to express "an action". That is, it wants to say the welfare program now COSTS such and such: it want to express a full action.
However, in C and D, it is used as a modifier, nested in another modifier. For concision, it would have been much better if choice D had been condensed to form something like C and D.
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the only reason i picked D over c is because of the awkward phrasing in C.
Resulting in the welfare program now costing vs . welfare program now costs.
Experts your thoughts please.
chetan2u ?
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goforgmat
the only reason i picked D over c is because of the awkward phrasing in C.
Resulting in the welfare program now costing vs . welfare program now costs.
Experts your thoughts please.
chetan2u ?



my question in C is "usage of NOW before costing" ?? is it correctly used ??
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goforgmat
the only reason i picked D over c is because of the awkward phrasing in C.
Resulting in the welfare program now costing vs . welfare program now costs.
Experts your thoughts please.
chetan2u ?



my question in C is "usage of NOW before costing" ?? is it correctly used ??

I do not see any problem with the placement of "now". The problem with C is that a present participle "costing" is compared with a verb "did".
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Sudhanshuacharya
IMO the answer should be D.
In the sentence there is a comma after the sentence "... dropping since 1973," hence "resulting" should not be used. "Resulting" could have been used if there were no comma.

Hence D suits more logically to the sentence fulfilling "... dropping since 1973, and as a result..."


Hi,
As you have mentioned Verb+ing modifier without comma modifies nearest noun and with comma modifies the clause.
So in case of C,is it not required to modify the clause rather than the noun relative cost?
Please correct me if I'm wrong
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SHALLIKA
Sudhanshuacharya
IMO the answer should be D.
In the sentence there is a comma after the sentence "... dropping since 1973," hence "resulting" should not be used. "Resulting" could have been used if there were no comma.

Hence D suits more logically to the sentence fulfilling "... dropping since 1973, and as a result..."


Hi,
As you have mentioned Verb+ing modifier without comma modifies nearest noun and with comma modifies the clause.
So in case of C,is it not required to modify the clause rather than the noun relative cost?
Please correct me if I'm wrong

You are right. The present participle "resulting" modifies the entire previous clause. However option C is wrong because of some other reason:

Parallelism is not maintained between " program now costing" and "it did".

You may find some more details on verb-ing modifiers here:
verb-ed-modifiers-vs-verb-ing-modifiers-125611-60.html#p1712612
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The comparison is : how much the welfare program cost now to how much it did in 1973

we need it did, which is only on Answer choices C and D.

Hence A, B and E : wrong comparison, hence wrong.

Between C and D,

In C we got Costing , - the continuous form is incorrect.
we need simple present tense : costs - Hence the correct answer choice is D.
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A quick doubt,

The current option (C) is - "resulting in the welfare program now costing about 3 billion real dollars less to implement than it did"

If the option was modified to - "resulting in the welfare program now to cost about 3 billion real dollars less to implement than it did", will this option be correct?

If not, then why ?
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No, option C, would still be wrong.
Because resulting.... would incorrectly modify the noun 1973 - giving rise to modifier error.
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KalyanChamarthi
No, option C, would still be wrong.
Because resulting.... would incorrectly modify the noun 1973 - giving rise to modifier error.

But resulting is present after a "," so wont it be modifying the full modifying clause that is - "the relative cost of welfare benefits has been dropping since 1973" , the action of the relative cost dropping.
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