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Question 1
C
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Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
47% (02:36) correct
53%
(02:41) wrong
based on 6551
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
B
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Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
85% (00:51) correct 15%
(01:10) wrong
based on 6222
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
E
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Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
96% (00:45) correct 4%
(01:19) wrong
based on 6179
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
C
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Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
89% (00:49) correct 11%
(01:03) wrong
based on 6172
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History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
D
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Difficulty:
15%
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Question Stats:
69% (00:51) correct 31%
(00:58) wrong
based on 6163
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Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 6
A
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Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
48% (01:18) correct 52%
(01:11) wrong
based on 6135
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Date
Time
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Not Attempted Yet
Although genetic mutations in bacteria and viruses can lead to epidemics, some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists have discovered the importance of social and ecological factors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis, for example, emerged as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth century; by then, modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio until adolescence or adulthood, at which time polio infection produced paralysis. Previously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis. Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid epidemics indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic.
Another example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century but has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States, largely due to an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer's habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950's because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage is now set in the United States for a dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes albopictus.
Another example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century but has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States, largely due to an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer's habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950's because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage is now set in the United States for a dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes albopictus.
1. The passage suggests that a lack of modern sanitation would make which of the following most likely to occur?
A An outbreak of Lyme disease
B An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever
C An epidemic of typhoid
D An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants
E An epidemic of paralytic polio among adolescents and adults
A An outbreak of Lyme disease
B An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever
C An epidemic of typhoid
D An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants
E An epidemic of paralytic polio among adolescents and adults
2. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950's occurred for which of the following reasons?
A The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly introduced into Asia.
B The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous.
C The mosquito Aedes albopictus became infected with the dengue virus.
D Individuals who would normally acquire immunity to the dengue virus as infants were not infected until later in life.
E More people began to visit and inhabit areas in which mosquitos live and breed.
A The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly introduced into Asia.
B The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous.
C The mosquito Aedes albopictus became infected with the dengue virus.
D Individuals who would normally acquire immunity to the dengue virus as infants were not infected until later in life.
E More people began to visit and inhabit areas in which mosquitos live and breed.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease has become prevalent in parts of the United States because of which of the following?
A The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease bacteria to the United States
B The inability of modern sanitation methods to eradicate Lyme disease bacteria
C A genetic mutation in Lyme disease bacteria that makes them more virulent
D The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from infected humans to noninfected humans
E An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks
A The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease bacteria to the United States
B The inability of modern sanitation methods to eradicate Lyme disease bacteria
C A genetic mutation in Lyme disease bacteria that makes them more virulent
D The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from infected humans to noninfected humans
E An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks
4. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the basis of information given in the passage?
A It is native to the United States.
B It can proliferate only in Asia.
C It transmits the dengue virus.
D It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950's.
E It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti's habitat.
A It is native to the United States.
B It can proliferate only in Asia.
C It transmits the dengue virus.
D It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950's.
E It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti's habitat.
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved.
B Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled.
C A theory is proposed and is then followed by descriptions of three experiments that support the theory.
D A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization.
E An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument.
A A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved.
B Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled.
C A theory is proposed and is then followed by descriptions of three experiments that support the theory.
D A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization.
E An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument.
6. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's assertion about the cause of the Lyme disease outbreak in the United States?
A The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.
B Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in the late nineteenth century.
C In recent years the suburbs have stopped growing.
D Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take measures to protect themselves against Lyme disease.
E Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine that can prevent Lyme disease.
A The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.
B Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in the late nineteenth century.
C In recent years the suburbs have stopped growing.
D Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take measures to protect themselves against Lyme disease.
E Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine that can prevent Lyme disease.
04 Jun 2019, 05:48
Kudos
Bookmarks
jawele
Quote:
The passage tells us that there has been "an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer's habitat." We are also told that Lyme disease "occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century" and that it "has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States."
So we know that the deer population increased at the same time that the suburbs grew and that the people starting to spend more time outside in the deer's habitat. But what if the deer population DECREASED somewhat after the late nineteenth century and THEN increased with the growth of the suburbs? The passage tells us that the deer population increased with the growth of the suburbs, but we cannot assume that it is now higher than it was in the late nineteenth century (the passage does not specifically tell us when the growth of the suburbs occurred).
Based solely on the information in the passage, it is possible that the deer population in the late nineteenth century was about the same as the recent deer population. (A) eliminates that possibility and thus strengthens the argument.
05 Feb 2013, 23:08
Kudos
Bookmarks
1. The passage suggests that a lack of modern sanitation would make which of the following most likely to occur?
"Thus, the HYGIENE that helped PREVENT TYPHOID epidemics
indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic" - Remove HYGIENE then we get the reverse of PREVENTING TYPHOID
ANSWER: (C) An epidemic of typhoid
2. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950's occurred for which of the following reasons?
"an outbreak of dengue hemor-
rhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950's
because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti,
(25) the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate" - PROLIFERATE / INCREASE in NUMBER
ANSWER: (B) The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease has become prevalent in parts of the United States because of which of the following?
"increased outdoor recreational activities in the
deer's habitat" - MORE EXPOSURE TO DEER
ANSWER: (E) An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks
4. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the basis of information given in the passage?
"The stage is now set in the United States for a
dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction
and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes
albopictus" - newly introduced... hence, not native to the US...
A It is native to the United States. They are newly introduced. Hence, out!
B It can proliferate only in Asia. They can cause epidemics in US. Hence, out!
ANSWER: (C) It transmits the dengue virus.
D It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950's. This is another breed of mosquito
E It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti's habitat. not mentioned
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved. Contrasting views mentioned initially but the discussion did not revolve around that...
B Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled.Two views introduced but the discussion did not revolve around that
C A theory is proposed and is then followed by descriptions of three experiments that support the theory. no such experiments mentioned
ANSWER: (D) A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization.
E An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument. the examples are not use as counterexamples but just examples of epidemics without genetic evolution
6. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's assertion about the cause of the Lyme disease outbreak in the United States?
ANSWER: (A) The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.
If the deer population was just same as population to day, then the increase in population will be an invalid explanation for the Lyme disease. This eliminate that possibility.
"Thus, the HYGIENE that helped PREVENT TYPHOID epidemics
indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic" - Remove HYGIENE then we get the reverse of PREVENTING TYPHOID
ANSWER: (C) An epidemic of typhoid
2. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950's occurred for which of the following reasons?
"an outbreak of dengue hemor-
rhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950's
because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti,
(25) the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate" - PROLIFERATE / INCREASE in NUMBER
ANSWER: (B) The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease has become prevalent in parts of the United States because of which of the following?
"increased outdoor recreational activities in the
deer's habitat" - MORE EXPOSURE TO DEER
ANSWER: (E) An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks
4. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the basis of information given in the passage?
"The stage is now set in the United States for a
dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction
and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes
albopictus" - newly introduced... hence, not native to the US...
A It is native to the United States. They are newly introduced. Hence, out!
B It can proliferate only in Asia. They can cause epidemics in US. Hence, out!
ANSWER: (C) It transmits the dengue virus.
D It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950's. This is another breed of mosquito
E It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti's habitat. not mentioned
5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved. Contrasting views mentioned initially but the discussion did not revolve around that...
B Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled.Two views introduced but the discussion did not revolve around that
C A theory is proposed and is then followed by descriptions of three experiments that support the theory. no such experiments mentioned
ANSWER: (D) A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization.
E An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument. the examples are not use as counterexamples but just examples of epidemics without genetic evolution
6. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's assertion about the cause of the Lyme disease outbreak in the United States?
ANSWER: (A) The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the mid-twentieth century.
If the deer population was just same as population to day, then the increase in population will be an invalid explanation for the Lyme disease. This eliminate that possibility.
