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Hippocrates of Cos (460 BC-375 BC) is the father of medicine. He is still remembered 2,500 years later for the Hippocratic Oath, a modified form of which is still taken by medical students upon their graduation. Hippocrates is chiefly celebrated because of his efforts to bring medicine out of the pall of superstition and into the light of science.
Since ancient times, the God of the Gaps was assigned responsibility for what was not understood. By the fourth century BC, the knowledge of medicine had improved, as there was more and more that we understood, and less and less that had to be attributed to divine intervention – either in the causes or in the treatment of diseases. In the diagnosis of disease, Hippocrates introduced elements of the scientific method. He urged careful and meticulous observation. Before the thermometer was invented, he charted the temperature curves of many diseases. He recommended that physicians be able to tell, from present symptoms alone, the probable past and future course of each illness. He regularly experimented with surgical and cauterization procedures. However, Hippocrates was willing to admit the limitations of his expertise. He betrayed no embarrassment in confiding to posterity that more than half his patients were killed by the diseases he was treating. His options, of course, were limited; the drugs available were chiefly laxatives, emetics, and narcotics.
Medical advancements in the next few centuries were largely based on the foundation of Hippocrates’s work. It won’t be incorrect to say that the modern world is grateful to Hippocrates for the decrease in the number of deaths in childbirth and in infant mortality, the lengthening of lifetimes, and the improvement in the quality of life.
1. According to the passage, all of the following can be said about Hippocrates EXCEPT:
A. He engaged in the exploration of novel methods.
B. He insisted on careful observation of symptoms.
C. He was aware of the limitations of his knowledge and methods.
D. He practiced systematic representation of vital statistics.
E. He acknowledged that the options available to him were limited.
2. Which of the following does the passage imply about the God of the Gaps in the fourth century BC?
A. Hippocrates believed that half of his patients died because of the God of the Gaps.
B. People blamed the God of the Gaps for illnesses related to indigestion.
C. Physicians considered the God of the Gaps responsible more for the causes of diseases than for the treatment of diseases.
D. There was a decline in the widespread belief in the God of the Gaps.
E. The God of the Gaps prevented advancements in medical science before the fourth century BC.
3. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage in the context of the passage as a whole?
A. It identifies major successes in medical science since Hippocrates's time.
B. It captures the main reasons why Hippocrates's contribution is celebrated.
C. It contributes to a discussion of the methods used by Hippocrates.
D. It glorifies a common myth about Hippocrates's contribution.
E. It suggests the need for recognizing Hippocrates's work.
Mind-map
To introduce Hippocrates and his status in medical science (Paragraph 1)
To detail his methods and limitations (Paragraph 2)
To suggest that his work supported later medical advancements (Paragraph 3)
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1. According to the passage, all of the following can be said about Hippocrates EXCEPT:
a. He engaged in the exploration of novel methods.b. He insisted on careful observation of symptoms.c. He was aware of the limitations of his knowledge and methods.d. He practiced systematic representation of vital statistics.e. He acknowledged that the options available to him were limited. Question Type: Fact E is the best choice. Video explanation:
2. Which of the following does the passage imply about the God of the Gaps in the fourth century BC?
a. Hippocrates believed that half of his patients died because of the God of the Gaps. b. People blamed the God of the Gaps for illnesses related to indigestion.c. Physicians considered the God of the Gaps responsible more for the causes of diseases than for the treatment of diseases.d. There was a decline in the widespread belief in the God of the Gaps.e. The God of the Gaps prevented advancements in medical science before the fourth century BC. Question Type: Inference D is the best choice.
3. Which of the following best describes the function of the last sentence of the passage in the context of the passage as a whole?
a. It identifies major successes in medical science since Hippocrates's time.b. It captures the main reasons why Hippocrates's contribution is celebrated.c. It contributes to a discussion of the methods used by Hippocrates.d. It glorifies a common myth about Hippocrates's contribution.e. It suggests the need for recognizing Hippocrates's work. Question Type: Structure B is the best choice.