(The following passage was written in the mid-1990s.)

Users of the Internet—the worldwide network of
interconnected computer systems—envision it as a way
for people to have free access to information via their
personal computers. Most Internet communication
(5) consists of sending electronic mail or exchanging ideas
on electronic bulletin boards; however, a growing
number of transmissions are of copyrighted works—
books, photographs, videos and films, and sound
recordings. In Canada, as elsewhere, the goals of
(10) Internet users have begun to conflict with reality as
copyright holders look for ways to protect their
material from unauthorized and uncompensated
distribution.

Copyright experts say that Canadian copyright law,
(15) which was revised in 1987 to cover works such as
choreography and photography, has not kept pace with
technology—specifically with digitalization, the
conversion of data into a series of digits that are
transmitted as electronic signals over computer
(20) networks. Digitalization makes it possible to create an
unlimited number of copies of a book, recording, or
movie and distribute them to millions of people around
the world. Current law prohibits unauthorized parties
from reproducing a work or any substantial part of it in
(25) any material form (e.g., photocopies of books or
pirated audiotapes), but because digitalization merely
transforms the work into electronic signals in a
computer’s memory, it is not clear whether
digitalization constitutes a material reproduction—and
(30) so unauthorized digitalization is not yet technically a
crime.

Some experts propose simply adding unauthorized
digitalization to the list of activities proscribed under
current law, to make it clear that copyright holders own
(35) electronic reproduction rights just as they own rights to
other types of reproduction. But criminalizing
digitalization raises a host of questions. For example,
given that digitalization allows the multiple recipients
of a transmission to re-create copies of a work, would
(40) only the act of digitalization itself be criminal, or
should each copy made from the transmission be
considered a separate instance of piracy—even though
those who made the copies never had access to the
original? In addition, laws against digitalization might
(45) be virtually unenforceable given that an estimated
20 million people around the world have access to the
Internet, and that copying and distributing material is a
relatively simple process. Furthermore, even an
expanded law might not cover the majority of
(50) transmissions, given the vast numbers of users who are
academics and the fact that current copyright law
allows generous exemptions for those engaged in
private study or research. But even if the law is revised
to contain a more sophisticated treatment of
(55) digitalization, most experts think it will be hard to
resolve the clash between the Internet community,
which is accustomed to treating information as raw
material available for everyone to use, and the
publishing community, which is accustomed to treating
(60) it as a commodity owned by its creator.

1. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?

(A) Despite the widely recognized need to revise Canadian copyright law to protect works from unauthorized reproduction and distribution over the Internet, users of the Internet have mounted many legal challenges to the criminalizing of digitalization.
(B) Although the necessity of revising Canadian copyright law to protect works from unauthorized reproduction and distribution over the Internet is widely recognized, effective criminalizing of digitalization is likely to prove highly complicated.
(C) While the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works over the Internet is not yet a crime, legal experts believe it is only a matter of time before Canadian copyright law is amended to prohibit unauthorized digitalization.
(D) Despite the fact that current Canadian copyright law does not cover digitalization, the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works over the Internet clearly ought to be considered a crime.
(E) Although legal experts in Canada disagree about the most effective way to punish the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of copyrighted works over the Internet, they nonetheless agree that such digitalization should clearly be a punishable crime.


2. Given the author’s argument, which one of the following additions to current Canadian copyright law would most likely be an agreeable compromise to both the Internet community and the publishing community?

(A) Digitalization of copyrighted works is permitted to Internet users who pay a small fee to copyright holders.
(B) Digitalization of copyrighted works is prohibited to Internet users who are not academics.
(C) Digitalization of copyrighted works is permitted to all Internet users without restriction.
(D) Digitalization of copyrighted works is prohibited to all Internet users without exception.
(E) Digitalization of copyrighted works is permitted to Internet users engaged in research.


3. The discussion in the second paragraph is intended primarily to explain which one of the following?

(A) how copyright infringement of protected works is punished under current Canadian copyright law
(B) why current Canadian copyright law is not easily applicable to digitalization
(C) how the Internet has caused copyright holders to look for new forms of legal protection
(D) why copyright experts propose protecting copyrighted works from unauthorized digitalization
(E) how unauthorized reproductions of copyrighted works are transmitted over the Internet


4. The passage supports each of the following inferences EXCEPT:

(A) It is unlikely that every instance of digitalization could be detected under a copyright law revised to criminalize digitalization.
(B) Criminalizing unauthorized digitalization appears to be consistent with the publishing community’s treatment of information as an owned commodity.
(C) When copyright law is revised to cover digitalization, the revised law will include a prohibition on making copies from an unauthorized digitalization of a copyrighted work.
(D) The number of instances of unauthorized digitalization would likely rise if digitalization technology were made even easier to use.
(E) Under current law, many academics are allowed to make copies of copyrighted works as long as they are used only for private research.


5. Which one of the following views can most reasonably be attributed to the experts cited in line 32?

(A) Unauthorized digitalization of a copyrighted work should be considered a crime except when it is done for purposes of private study or research.
(B) Unauthorized digitalization of a copyrighted work should be considered a crime even when it is done for purposes of private study or research.
(C) Making a copy of a copyrighted work from an unauthorized digitalization of the work should not be considered a crime.
(D) Making a copy of a copyrighted work from an unauthorized digitalization of the work should be punished, but not as severely as making the original digitalization.
(E) Making a copy of a copyrighted work from an unauthorized digitalization of the work should be punished just as severely as making the original digitalization.