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Question 1
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
78% (03:01) correct
22%
(02:51) wrong
based on 63
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
32% (01:02) correct 68%
(01:26) wrong
based on 72
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
57% (01:23) correct 43%
(01:12) wrong
based on 67
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
35%
(medium)
Question Stats:
68% (01:16) correct 32%
(01:25) wrong
based on 63
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 5
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
63% (01:03) correct 37%
(01:11) wrong
based on 62
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Classical work on human and non-human leadership behavior typically started with the premise that leadership is somehow intrinsically different or more complex in humans than in other mammals. Recent research by Jennifer Smith of Mills College in Oakland, however, started without a perceived notion about whether this should be the case. By approaching this problem with an open mind and by developing comparable measures to compare vastly different societies, Smith’s research has revealed more similarities than were previously appreciated between leadership in humans and non-humans.
In fact, examples of cooperation and leadership in the animal kingdom are not lacking: chimps travel together, hyenas hunt in crews, but the way in which the leaders of each group promote and coordinate these collective activities is not yet clear. To clarify this aspect, Smith’s team – composed of biologists, anthropologists, mathematicians, and psychologists –analyzed the dynamics of leadership in four specific areas: movement, mediation of conflicts, food procurement, and social interactions. They then classified attitudes to rule according to various parameters, such as how to achieve physical strength, the benefits of “ruling” position, and so on. The analysis led the experts to conclude that leadership, in general, goes hand in hand with the acquisition of more experience, both in animal and human species. Of course, in both cases they found exceptions: in herds of spotted hyenas and the community of Nootka, a tribe of native Canadians living on the west coast of North America, the scepter of the leader passes from father to son rather than being handed to the individual with the most experience.
According to Smith, these similarities probably reflect a shared set of cognitive mechanisms related to dominance, subordination, formation of different social groups, and decision-making processes. To justify the difference between human and non-human behavior, the team took into account more complex cultural factors of men, such as the tendency to engage in distinct roles within the social group. As Smith explained, “Even in the least complex human societies, the scale of collective action is greater and presumably more critical for survival and reproduction than in most other mammalian societies.”
In fact, examples of cooperation and leadership in the animal kingdom are not lacking: chimps travel together, hyenas hunt in crews, but the way in which the leaders of each group promote and coordinate these collective activities is not yet clear. To clarify this aspect, Smith’s team – composed of biologists, anthropologists, mathematicians, and psychologists –analyzed the dynamics of leadership in four specific areas: movement, mediation of conflicts, food procurement, and social interactions. They then classified attitudes to rule according to various parameters, such as how to achieve physical strength, the benefits of “ruling” position, and so on. The analysis led the experts to conclude that leadership, in general, goes hand in hand with the acquisition of more experience, both in animal and human species. Of course, in both cases they found exceptions: in herds of spotted hyenas and the community of Nootka, a tribe of native Canadians living on the west coast of North America, the scepter of the leader passes from father to son rather than being handed to the individual with the most experience.
According to Smith, these similarities probably reflect a shared set of cognitive mechanisms related to dominance, subordination, formation of different social groups, and decision-making processes. To justify the difference between human and non-human behavior, the team took into account more complex cultural factors of men, such as the tendency to engage in distinct roles within the social group. As Smith explained, “Even in the least complex human societies, the scale of collective action is greater and presumably more critical for survival and reproduction than in most other mammalian societies.”
1. The passage mentions each of the following regarding the approach taken by Smith’s team to study human and non-human leadership behavior EXCEPT:
A. The team sought to understand how leaders of animal groups steer collective action.
B. The team sought to explain differences in leadership without the presumed intrinsic variedness in leadership styles of humans and animals.
C. Taking established views as subject to reassessment, the team brought forward new information.
D. Taking established views as a starting point, the team reached the expected, previously-arrived-at conclusion.
E. The team sought to explain differences in leadership as a consequence of greater scale as well as the need of collective action within human societies.
A. The team sought to understand how leaders of animal groups steer collective action.
B. The team sought to explain differences in leadership without the presumed intrinsic variedness in leadership styles of humans and animals.
C. Taking established views as subject to reassessment, the team brought forward new information.
D. Taking established views as a starting point, the team reached the expected, previously-arrived-at conclusion.
E. The team sought to explain differences in leadership as a consequence of greater scale as well as the need of collective action within human societies.
2. It can be inferred that Smith’s team’s purpose in justifying the difference between human and non-human behavior (see highlight text) is to
A. prove that the team’s findings are comprehensive
B. indicate that human societies have intrinsically stronger leaders
C. respond to an objection likely to be raised
D. account for greater collective action in human societies
E. suggest that survival for humans asks for greater leadership attributes
A. prove that the team’s findings are comprehensive
B. indicate that human societies have intrinsically stronger leaders
C. respond to an objection likely to be raised
D. account for greater collective action in human societies
E. suggest that survival for humans asks for greater leadership attributes
3. Which of the following assertions is least likely to be inferred on the basis of the information provided in the passage?
A. The most experienced within a herd of spotted hyenas may not be its leader.
B. Lack of distinction in roles makes leadership and coordination in animals less complex.
C. Certain animals collaborate for the purpose of food procurement.
D. Movements from one place to another are group activities for certain animal species.
E. Conflict-resolution is a responsibility peculiar to leaders of human societies.
A. The most experienced within a herd of spotted hyenas may not be its leader.
B. Lack of distinction in roles makes leadership and coordination in animals less complex.
C. Certain animals collaborate for the purpose of food procurement.
D. Movements from one place to another are group activities for certain animal species.
E. Conflict-resolution is a responsibility peculiar to leaders of human societies.
4. Which of the following most accurately describes the view the passage tries to emphasize on?
A. Though not starting with the assumption that leadership in humans is more complex, Smith’s team finds that at least some of the differences in leadership are attributable to greater societal complexity.
B. The similarities in leadership styles are so many that any differences become negligible in comparison.
C. As cognitive mechanisms related to leadership are probably the same in humans and animals, formation of groups, interactions, and decision-making tend to be uniform, regardless of the degree of complexity of any given group structure.
D. Without the backing of the usual presumptions for a study of this kind, the conclusions drawn by Smith’s team are not forceful or convincing enough.
E. The more complex the social structure of a mammalian society is, the more likely it is to have a leadership style based on the acquisition of more experience rather than on inheritance.
A. Though not starting with the assumption that leadership in humans is more complex, Smith’s team finds that at least some of the differences in leadership are attributable to greater societal complexity.
B. The similarities in leadership styles are so many that any differences become negligible in comparison.
C. As cognitive mechanisms related to leadership are probably the same in humans and animals, formation of groups, interactions, and decision-making tend to be uniform, regardless of the degree of complexity of any given group structure.
D. Without the backing of the usual presumptions for a study of this kind, the conclusions drawn by Smith’s team are not forceful or convincing enough.
E. The more complex the social structure of a mammalian society is, the more likely it is to have a leadership style based on the acquisition of more experience rather than on inheritance.
5. Which of the following best describes the function of the second paragraph in the passage as a whole?
A. It narrows the scope of the research introduced in the first paragraph.
B. It presents the details of the research whose findings are mentioned in the first paragraph.
C. It cites the most striking exceptions to the findings of a classical work mentioned in the first paragraph.
D. It explains the rationale for the creation of unbiased research whose limitations are discussed in the first paragraph.
E. It presents the findings of a research whose methodology is detailed in the first paragraph.
A. It narrows the scope of the research introduced in the first paragraph.
B. It presents the details of the research whose findings are mentioned in the first paragraph.
C. It cites the most striking exceptions to the findings of a classical work mentioned in the first paragraph.
D. It explains the rationale for the creation of unbiased research whose limitations are discussed in the first paragraph.
E. It presents the findings of a research whose methodology is detailed in the first paragraph.
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04 Mar 2026, 01:07
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passage 1= introduction to difference in leadership between human and non human. researched Smith approached this problem with open mind and found opposing results than established.
passage 2= this talks about how she and her team carried out this research. eventually she came to conclusion that leadership goes hand in hand with acquisition of more experience both in animals and in human.
passage 3= she explained the reason behind difference between human and non human behavior if it occurs.
Ques 1.
A,B,C and E are mentioned. D is not. passage one says that she started without any perceived notion and with open mind. and her research revealed more similarities than previously established. option D goes in opposite direction. so D is correct ans.
Ques 2
A no they are not trying to prove that their findings are comprehensive.
B never mentioned that humans have stronger leaders.
C yes. as it says to justify why their research is right and why there are some differences that exist.
D Complete irrelevant.
E not to reveal that survival of human asks for bigger attributes.
Ques 3.
A,C,D can easily inferred from those four differentiator groups. last line of passage 3 can be used to infer option B.
only E cant be inferred as the first and second passage both says that leadership has more similarities than previously thought. so its not peculiar in humans.
Ques 4
A this perfectly captures the heart of passage. as passage 1 says that she found more similarities than previously thought and passage 3 talks about some societal complexity as exception in humans to prove their point of similarities.
B no they are not trying to neglect the differences by showing many similarities.
C passage 3 did says this but thats not the whole point in carrying out the research.
D passage is not written to create more doubt on the validity of the research. so reject.
E this is not the main point of passage. reject.
Ques 5.
in the first passage we saw that her research found more similarities than previously thought and second passage provide the explanation of that conclusion.
A it doesnt narrow the scope of research though.
B this defines the above mentioned thought.
C no its not mentioning the striking exception of study.
D no limitations were discussed in first passage for the experiment.
E methodology was rather mentioned in second and not in first passage.
passage 2= this talks about how she and her team carried out this research. eventually she came to conclusion that leadership goes hand in hand with acquisition of more experience both in animals and in human.
passage 3= she explained the reason behind difference between human and non human behavior if it occurs.
Ques 1.
A,B,C and E are mentioned. D is not. passage one says that she started without any perceived notion and with open mind. and her research revealed more similarities than previously established. option D goes in opposite direction. so D is correct ans.
Ques 2
A no they are not trying to prove that their findings are comprehensive.
B never mentioned that humans have stronger leaders.
C yes. as it says to justify why their research is right and why there are some differences that exist.
D Complete irrelevant.
E not to reveal that survival of human asks for bigger attributes.
Ques 3.
A,C,D can easily inferred from those four differentiator groups. last line of passage 3 can be used to infer option B.
only E cant be inferred as the first and second passage both says that leadership has more similarities than previously thought. so its not peculiar in humans.
Ques 4
A this perfectly captures the heart of passage. as passage 1 says that she found more similarities than previously thought and passage 3 talks about some societal complexity as exception in humans to prove their point of similarities.
B no they are not trying to neglect the differences by showing many similarities.
C passage 3 did says this but thats not the whole point in carrying out the research.
D passage is not written to create more doubt on the validity of the research. so reject.
E this is not the main point of passage. reject.
Ques 5.
in the first passage we saw that her research found more similarities than previously thought and second passage provide the explanation of that conclusion.
A it doesnt narrow the scope of research though.
B this defines the above mentioned thought.
C no its not mentioning the striking exception of study.
D no limitations were discussed in first passage for the experiment.
E methodology was rather mentioned in second and not in first passage.
ExpertsGlobal5
08 Mar 2026, 03:30
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ExpertsGlobal5
Mind-map
To introduce a study that revealed previously-unappreciated similarities in human and non-human leadership (Paragraph 1)
To discuss methodologies, similarities, and exceptions found in the study (Paragraph 2)
To understand reasons behind noted similarities and differences (Paragraph 3)
= = = = = = = = = =
1. The passage mentions each of the following regarding the approach taken by Smith’s team to study human and non-human leadership behavior EXCEPT:
b. The team sought to explain differences in leadership without the presumed intrinsic variedness in leadership styles of humans and animals.
c. Taking established views as subject to reassessment, the team brought forward new information.
d. Taking established views as a starting point, the team reached the expected, previously-arrived-at conclusion.
e. The team sought to explain differences in leadership as a consequence of greater scale as well as the need of collective action within human societies.
Question Type: Fact
D is the best choice.
Video explanation:
2. It can be inferred that Smith’s team’s purpose in justifying the difference between human and non-human behavior (see highlight text) is to
b. indicate that human societies have intrinsically stronger leaders
c. respond to an objection likely to be raised
d. account for greater collective action in human societies
e. suggest that survival for humans asks for greater leadership attributes
Highlight Required: To justify the difference between human and non-human behavior [Third paragraph]
Question Type: Inference
C is the best choice.
Video explanation:
3. Which of the following assertions is least likely to be inferred on the basis of the information provided in the passage?
b. Lack of distinction in roles makes leadership and coordination in animals less complex.
c. Certain animals collaborate for the purpose of food procurement.
d. Movements from one place to another are group activities for certain animal species.
e. Conflict-resolution is a responsibility peculiar to leaders of human societies.
Question Type: Inference
E is the best choice.
Video explanation:
4. Which of the following most accurately describes the view the passage tries to emphasize on?
b. The similarities in leadership styles are so many that any differences become negligible in comparison.
c. As cognitive mechanisms related to leadership are probably the same in humans and animals, formation of groups, interactions, and decision-making tend to be uniform, regardless of the degree of complexity of any given group structure.
d. Without the backing of the usual presumptions for a study of this kind, the conclusions drawn by Smith’s team are not forceful or convincing enough.
e. The more complex the social structure of a mammalian society is, the more likely it is to have a leadership style based on the acquisition of more experience rather than on inheritance.
Question Type: Structure
A is the best choice.
Video explanation:
5. Which of the following best describes the function of the second paragraph in the passage as a whole?
b. It presents the details of the research whose findings are mentioned in the first paragraph.
c. It cites the most striking exceptions to the findings of a classical work mentioned in the first paragraph.
d. It explains the rationale for the creation of unbiased research whose limitations are discussed in the first paragraph.
e. It presents the findings of a research whose methodology is detailed in the first paragraph.
B is the best choice.
Video explanation:
