Venture capital firms pump millions of dollars each year into a variety of start-up companies, expecting most to fail but a few to give astronomical returns. However, optimism and positivity are keys to success in the start-up industry; no start-up wants to admit that it is on its way towards failure. Therefore, venture capital firms remain uncertain about the status of a majority of their investments.
The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that
The required assumption of the conclusion to hold is that the start-ups are not reporting properly about their performance. VC are not able to find out how start-up investment is doing from other sources so VC remain uncertain about the status of their investment.
A. most start-ups have a transparent management hierarchy - Is this required assumption, We can use Assumption Negation technique to see Most start-ups do not have a transparent mgmt hierarchy, Does this weakens the conclusion, No if VCs can find on their own how their investments are performing.
B. start-ups should be rewarded for accurately reporting problems to their investors - again, this is not a required assumption for the conclusion to hold.
C. the threat of failure is always good for start-ups, since it helps them maintain their focus - this is again irrelevant for the conclusion.
D. investors obtain information about the start-up from no source other than the start-up itself _ Yes, this must be the assumption we need to conclude that the VC firms remain uncertain about the status of their investment since start-ups have a bias in their reporting. D is the answer.
E. some investors are less concerned with truth about a start-up's management than about the results - No, VCs are concerned or not is not a required assumption for the conclusion to hold.
So D is the answer.