HOT Competition 26 Aug/8PM: Jonathan: Research shows that when horses

Question

Jonathan: Research shows that when horses are operated in early foalhood, their leg bones usually do not develop properly which, in turn, leads to the horses developing arthritis as they grow older. Thus, if a horse has to be protected from arthritis it should never be operated until it is full-grown.

Which of the following is a criticism to which Jonathan’s argument is most vulnerable?

A. Recent research indicates that horses can be genetically suffering from arthritis.

B. It does not mention clearly what percentage of horses operated in early foalhood suffer improper bone development.

C Methods used to operate horses are detrimental to the bone structure of young horses.

D. It does not consider the possibility that arthritis can affect horses with properly developed bones.

E. It fails to address the effects of operating in middle or late foal hood.

Bunuel · Accepted Answer

CRACK Verbal Explanation

This question is a Flaw question type where we need to find an option where Jonathan’s argument can be refuted by showing limitations or flaw with his basis.

Conclusion: Thus, if a horse has to be protected from arthritis it should never be operated until it is full-grown.
Basis: Research shows that when horses are operated in early foal hood…. leads to the horses developing arthritis as they grow older

A. Recent research indicates that horses can be genetically suffering from arthritis.  (Not related to operation in early foal hood, only tells us about a new reason for Arthritis.)

B. It does not mention clearly what percentage of horses operated in early foal hood suffer improper bone development.  (Even if one horse is affected by early operation then the Conclusion will stand tall)

C Methods used to operate horses are detrimental to the bone structure of young horses.  (This will support the author’s Conclusion)

D. It does not consider the possibility that arthritis can affect horses with properly developed bones.  (New cause for arthritis, but does not criticize Jonathan)

E. It fails to address the effects of operating in middle or late foal hood.   (This shows limitations with the Argument – weakens the intensity of the phrase ‘never operate until full grown’) Hence is the correct answer.

RaghavKhanna · Answer

Jonathan: Research shows that when horses are operated in early foalhood, their leg bones usually do not develop properly which, in turn, leads to the horses developing arthritis as they grow older. Thus, if a horse has to be protected from arthritis it should never be operated until it is full-grown.

Pre - Thinking:   What about the period between early falhood and when horse becomes fully grown? Can the horse be safely operated in this period?
Just because horses operated in early falhood exhibit something doesn't necessarily imply that they will exhibit the same thing until they fully grow

A. Recent research indicates that horses can be genetically suffering from arthritis. -  If horses are genetically suffering from arthritis, then how can they be prevented from arthritis?   - REJECT

B. It does not mention clearly what percentage of horses operated in early foalhood suffer improper bone development. -   Even if a low percentage of horses suffer from improper bone development, then also John's conclusion holds true   - REJECT

C Methods used to operate horses are detrimental to the bone structure of young horses.-   This strengthens John's argument   - REJECT

D. It does not consider the possibility that arthritis can affect horses with properly developed bones.-   We're concerned about arthritis that happens due to improper bone development   - REJECT

E. It fails to address the effects of operating in middle or late foal hood. -   This is in line with our pre - thinking. If horses can be safely operated in middle or late foal hood, then there is no reason why they should only be operated when they've fully grown   - ACCEPT

ANSWER: E

Posted from my mobile device

JonShukhrat · Answer

The argument discusses the detrimental effects of operating horses in their early foal period. 
Later it concludes that horses should be operated when they are full grown. 
We surely know that in the early foal stage operating is detrimental. 
However, what about the other stages of development until growing up fully?
Whether saying “should never be operated until it is fully grown” is grounded?
Is there any evidence that operating may aggravate the bones in other stages in between?
Any of the above could be a weakener.

A.  Recent research indicates that horses can be genetically suffering from arthritis.

A common trap: the existence of other causes doesn’t prevent the discussed one from existing.
There can be multiple reasons for developing arthritis, and operation in early day can very well be one of them. 
This choice, however, do not address the conclusion of the argument that states “wait until fully-grown”. Why we should? Because of there are other causes? Not a weakener.

B.  It does not mention clearly what percentage of horses operated in early foalhood suffer improper bone development.

This one may seem to be a weakener, but actually it is not. What we need to weaken is the transition point from the given evidence and the inferred conclusion. We need to cast a doubt on the validness of the conclusion or clarify whether it is inferred correctly. 
We already know from the research that horses suffer such illness, so we don’t necessarily need to dispute this evidence. Instead, we should ask “why the heck not to operate in the later stages of foal development?”

C.  Methods used to operate horses are detrimental to the bone structure of young horses.

There can be many things that happen while operating and that turn up to be adverse. This choice can be a part of the research based conclusion. However, as I have already said, it doesn’t answer “why the heck not to operate in the later stages of foal development?” Moreover, this choice says detrimental overall, seemingly in all stages of development. What follows is that we shouldn’t operate horses in any stage, even when grown-up. Not a weakener.

D.  It does not consider the possibility that arthritis can affect horses with properly developed bones.

Yes, it can be true but “why the heck not to operate in the later stages of foal development?” until a choice doesn’t answer this question, it is not a weakener. Most of the counterargument made against questions above also applies to this one. It is not a weakener.

E.  It fails to address the effects of operating in middle or late foal hood.

Bingo. If horses can be operated in middle or late foal hood without any adverse effects, then we don’t necessarily have to wait until they are fully grown-up. We just need to avoid doing so in their early foal stage and that’s all. So, the conclusion “should NEVER be operated until fully grown-up” falls into pieces. Our weakener.

Hence   E

Posted from my mobile device

VerbalBot · Answer

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HOT Competition 26 Aug/8PM: Jonathan: Research shows that when horses

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