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19 Feb 2024, 02:52
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Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
68% (01:31) correct
32%
(01:51)
wrong
based on 1172
sessions
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Doctor: People who have grown up on farms and have been frequently exposed to germs from farm animals are much less likely to develop allergies than are people who were raised in more sanitary environments. This suggests that childhood exposure to certain microorganisms improves the function of the immune system.
In order to assess the strength of the doctor’s argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?
A. Whether farm animals exposed to microorganisms can develop allergies as a result
B. To which species of microorganisms children who grow up on farms are most often exposed
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
D. Whether adults who work with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies than adults from similar backgrounds who work in sanitary environments
E. Whether most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms
In order to assess the strength of the doctor’s argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?
A. Whether farm animals exposed to microorganisms can develop allergies as a result
B. To which species of microorganisms children who grow up on farms are most often exposed
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
D. Whether adults who work with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies than adults from similar backgrounds who work in sanitary environments
E. Whether most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms
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19 Feb 2024, 09:30
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Doctor: People who have grown up on farms and have been frequently exposed to germs from farm animals are much less likely to develop allergies than are people who were raised in more sanitary environments. This suggests that childhood exposure to certain microorganisms improves the function of the immune system.
The doctor concludes the following:
childhood exposure to certain microorganisms improves the function of the immune system
The support for that conclusion basically that there is a correlation between "frequently exposed to germs" and "less likely to develop allergies."
So, the doctor has seen a correlation and concluded that there is a cause-effect relationship between exposure to germs and improved functioning of the immune system.
In order to assess the strength of the doctor’s argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?
The correct answer will be the one that presents a question such that different answers to the question weaken or strengthen the case for the conclusion.
A. Whether farm animals exposed to microorganisms can develop allergies as a result
The fact that this choice is about "farm animals" whereas the argument appears to be about the human immune system is a clue sign this choice probably isn't correct.
When we analyze this choice, we see that, indeed, neither a yes answer nor a no answer to the question presented by this choice affects the argument.
After all, we're seeking to determine whether exposure to microorganisms improves immune system function. Even if, in some cases, exposure to microorganisms can cause animals to develop allergies, it could still be the case that, in general, exposure to microorganisms improves immune system function.
Eliminate.
B. To which species of microorganisms children who grow up on farms are most often exposed
Different answers to this question do not affect the strength of the argument. After all, information on which species of microorganisms the children are exposed to doesn't by itself indicate whether exposure to those organisms improves the functioning of the immune system.
Eliminate.
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
The answer to this question helps us to evaluate the argument.
After all, if the answer to this question is that there are other aspects of the lifestyles of children on farms that could cause them to have better functioning immune systems, then maybe they are less likely to develop allergies because of those other aspects rather than because of exposure to germs.
On the other hand, if the answer is that there are not other aspects of the lifestyles of children on farms that could cause them to have better functioning immune systems, then we can be more confident that exposure to germs is what's making the difference.
So, different answers to this question can weaken or strengthen the argument.
Keep.
D. Whether adults who work with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies than adults from similar backgrounds who work in sanitary environments
The answer to this question doesn't affect the strength of the argument. After all, we already know that exposure to microorganisms from farm animals is correlated with being less likely to develop allergies. So, information that the same pattern holds for adults would not strengthen the argument.
The conclusion is about why that pattern holds, not about whether that pattern holds. More information on whether that pattern holds does not tell us why it does.
Eliminate.
E. Whether most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms
This choice mentions alleriges, farms, and allergens found on farms to create confusion and seem correct.
After all, we might get the impression that, if the answer to this question is "No, and most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are not caused by allergens found on farms, then perhaps what's really going on is that people who grow up on farms and people who don't have different likelihoods of developing allergies because they are exposed to different allergens.
One reason we don't choose this choice is that we don't have information indicating that different allergens have different likelihoods of causing allergies. So, even if the people in the two groups are exposed to different sets of allergens, the information we have doesn't indicate that that difference would affect the functioning of their immune systems one way or another.
Furthermore, the answer to this choice doesn't give us a solid basis for comparison of people who grow up on farms and people who don't. After all, the answer to this question would not tell us whether people most of the allergies suffered by people who did grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms. So, we don't know from the answer to this question whether there is any difference between the allergens that cause the allergies suffered by people in the two groups.
So, the answer to this question neither weakens nor strengthens the argument.
Eliminate.
Correct answer: C
The doctor concludes the following:
childhood exposure to certain microorganisms improves the function of the immune system
The support for that conclusion basically that there is a correlation between "frequently exposed to germs" and "less likely to develop allergies."
So, the doctor has seen a correlation and concluded that there is a cause-effect relationship between exposure to germs and improved functioning of the immune system.
In order to assess the strength of the doctor’s argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?
The correct answer will be the one that presents a question such that different answers to the question weaken or strengthen the case for the conclusion.
A. Whether farm animals exposed to microorganisms can develop allergies as a result
The fact that this choice is about "farm animals" whereas the argument appears to be about the human immune system is a clue sign this choice probably isn't correct.
When we analyze this choice, we see that, indeed, neither a yes answer nor a no answer to the question presented by this choice affects the argument.
After all, we're seeking to determine whether exposure to microorganisms improves immune system function. Even if, in some cases, exposure to microorganisms can cause animals to develop allergies, it could still be the case that, in general, exposure to microorganisms improves immune system function.
Eliminate.
B. To which species of microorganisms children who grow up on farms are most often exposed
Different answers to this question do not affect the strength of the argument. After all, information on which species of microorganisms the children are exposed to doesn't by itself indicate whether exposure to those organisms improves the functioning of the immune system.
Eliminate.
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
The answer to this question helps us to evaluate the argument.
After all, if the answer to this question is that there are other aspects of the lifestyles of children on farms that could cause them to have better functioning immune systems, then maybe they are less likely to develop allergies because of those other aspects rather than because of exposure to germs.
On the other hand, if the answer is that there are not other aspects of the lifestyles of children on farms that could cause them to have better functioning immune systems, then we can be more confident that exposure to germs is what's making the difference.
So, different answers to this question can weaken or strengthen the argument.
Keep.
D. Whether adults who work with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies than adults from similar backgrounds who work in sanitary environments
The answer to this question doesn't affect the strength of the argument. After all, we already know that exposure to microorganisms from farm animals is correlated with being less likely to develop allergies. So, information that the same pattern holds for adults would not strengthen the argument.
The conclusion is about why that pattern holds, not about whether that pattern holds. More information on whether that pattern holds does not tell us why it does.
Eliminate.
E. Whether most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms
This choice mentions alleriges, farms, and allergens found on farms to create confusion and seem correct.
After all, we might get the impression that, if the answer to this question is "No, and most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are not caused by allergens found on farms, then perhaps what's really going on is that people who grow up on farms and people who don't have different likelihoods of developing allergies because they are exposed to different allergens.
One reason we don't choose this choice is that we don't have information indicating that different allergens have different likelihoods of causing allergies. So, even if the people in the two groups are exposed to different sets of allergens, the information we have doesn't indicate that that difference would affect the functioning of their immune systems one way or another.
Furthermore, the answer to this choice doesn't give us a solid basis for comparison of people who grow up on farms and people who don't. After all, the answer to this question would not tell us whether people most of the allergies suffered by people who did grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms. So, we don't know from the answer to this question whether there is any difference between the allergens that cause the allergies suffered by people in the two groups.
So, the answer to this question neither weakens nor strengthens the argument.
Eliminate.
Correct answer: C
General Discussion
19 Feb 2024, 11:02
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Doctor: People who have grown up on farms and have been frequently exposed to germs from farm animals are much less likely to develop allergies than are people who were raised in more sanitary environments. This suggests that childhood exposure to certain microorganisms improves the function of the immune system.
In order to assess the strength of the doctor’s argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?
A. Whether farm animals exposed to microorganisms can develop allergies as a result
B. To which species of microorganisms children who grow up on farms are most often exposed
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
D. Whether adults who work with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies than adults from similar backgrounds who work in sanitary environments
E. Whether most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms
When trying to figure out whether X truly did something, figuring out whether anything ELSE (i.e. Y or Z) could have been responsible could be helpful. This question kind of follows that narrative. We're told that people who grew up on farms have been regularly exposed to germs from a young age and that is the reason they have a better immunity. But what if something else could be the real reason for this better immunity?
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
(C) is the answer. In a sense, it'd be good to figure out whether there is anything ELSE children on farms do that affect the immune system.
In order to assess the strength of the doctor’s argument, it would be most helpful to know which of the following?
A. Whether farm animals exposed to microorganisms can develop allergies as a result
B. To which species of microorganisms children who grow up on farms are most often exposed
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
D. Whether adults who work with farm animals are less likely to develop allergies than adults from similar backgrounds who work in sanitary environments
E. Whether most of the allergies suffered by adults who did not grow up on farms are caused by allergens found on farms
When trying to figure out whether X truly did something, figuring out whether anything ELSE (i.e. Y or Z) could have been responsible could be helpful. This question kind of follows that narrative. We're told that people who grew up on farms have been regularly exposed to germs from a young age and that is the reason they have a better immunity. But what if something else could be the real reason for this better immunity?
C. How the lifestyles of children on farms tend to be distinctive in other ways known to affect the function of the immune system
(C) is the answer. In a sense, it'd be good to figure out whether there is anything ELSE children on farms do that affect the immune system.
