OE for reference:
Overview:The argument concludes that exercise can increase a person's life span. This conclusion is based on the results of a study in which subjects were much less likely to die during the study if they exercised regularly. The question asks you to select the answer choice that most strengthens this argument.
The Correct Answer:D If the study's subjects decided for themselves whether or not to exercise regularly, then it is possible that the regular exercisers had other things in common that could explain the study's results. For example, people who choose to exercise regularly might also tend to eat nutritiously, or refrain from smoking, and either of these characteristics might account for why they were less likely to die during the study. But if researchers randomly determined which subjects would exercise regularly during the study, then it is much less likely that these subjects shared such a characteristic. By diminishing the likelihood that these alternative explanations account for the observed results, (D) strengthens the argument considerably.
The Incorrect Answer Choices:A If subjects who did not exercise regularly during the study tended to eat less healthy diets, then the regular exercisers tended to eat healthier diets. In that case, it could well be their healthier diets, not regular exercise, that explain why these subjects were less likely to die during the study. Thus, (A) actually weakens the argument rather than strengthening it.
B Even if subjects who did not exercise regularly tended to claim that this was due to a lack of time, that does not provide any additional reason to think that those who did exercise regularly during the study lived longer as a result of their exercise. So (B) does not help to strengthen the argument.
C (C) doesn’t tell us whether deaths due to preexisting conditions were more common among those who exercised regularly or among those who did not. Consequently, it does not affect the strength of the argument.
E If, as (E) claims, someone who exercises regularly probably does so because of health concerns, then that person may be more likely to also do other things for health reasons—for example, he or she might eat nutritiously or refrain from smoking. This could increase the probability that one of these other behaviors, rather than regular exercise, accounts for the study's results. If anything, then, (E) weakens the argument rather than strengthening it.