If you know that in a regular hexagon, each angle is 120 degrees, answer E here should probably look suspicious immediately. If you also know that in a regular octagon, each angle is 135 degrees, and if you know that angles get bigger the more sides you have in a regular polygon, the only way 125 could be the angle in a regular polygon is if it were the size of an angle in a regular 7-sided shape. But if we sum the angles in any polygon, we get a multiple of 180, because every polygon can be divided up into triangles, and 7*125 isn't even an even number, so it certainly is not a multiple of 180, and it can't be the size of the angle in a regular 7-sided shape.
You could also do the problem algebraically - there might be a slightly more efficient way than this, but this works:
The sum of the angles in any n-sided polygon is (n-2)*180. In a regular n-sided polygon, those angles are all the same, so each angle is equal to
(n-2)*180/n = 180n/n - 360/n = 180 - (360/n)
Now we can see what's going on if we set this equal to one answer choice, say A:
180 - 360/n = 162
360/n = 180 - 162
and this has a solution, because when we subtract 162 from 180, we get 18, which is a factor of 360 (so it can equal 360/n where n is an integer). If an answer here will be impossible, it will be true that we do *not* get a factor of 360 when we subtract it from 180. Answers B, C and D give us 30, 36 and 40 when we subtract them from 180, all of which are factors of 360, but answer E gives us 55, which is clearly not a factor of 360 (since it's divisible by 11 but 360 is not), so 125 degrees cannot be the measure of an angle inside a regular polygon.
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