Good discussion here, guys - and great explanations, Brett. I hope I'm not hijacking your post but just wanted to point out one thing about "changing the meaning of the original" since that comes a lot in student questions.
There is no "incumbent" status to answer choice A - they're not going to change the meaning and assume that you "know" to keep the original intact. In fact, it's quite likely that they randomize the answer choices so that a question on which you see A as saying "that of X...." I might see that same answer choice at D with a different choice A.
What you're really looking for is an ILLOGICAL meaning - if you see two different meanings of a sentence in multiple answer choices, the way that one of those will become a decision point is if one is not a logical meaning of that sentence.
For example, in this discussion you might see two sentences:
1) I will attempt running the marathon
2) I will attempt to run the marathon
Sentence 1 is illogical - it guarantees that you're running the marathon, as Brett notes about the -ing form of running, but then "attempt" is a verb on its own...what are you going to attempt while running?
Sentence 2 is logical - the attempt is at running the marathon. "To run" is conditional so it works with "attempt", and the meaning is intact. Just because the illogical meaning came first doesn't mean we have to stick with that meaning - if it's not logical, it's the incorrect meaning and we'd choose #2.