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Scientific revolutions often arise not merely from the accumulation of new data, but from paradigm shifts—fundamental changes in the framework through which scientists interpret data. Thomas Kuhn argued that such shifts occur when anomalies—observations that cannot be explained by the prevailing theory—accumulate to a tipping point, forcing a radical revision of scientific thought. However, some scholars contend that scientific progress is more incremental, with major breakthroughs emerging as extensions of prior knowledge rather than abrupt replacements of old theories."
Which of the following would most weaken Kuhn’s argument as presented in the passage?
(A) A study showing that scientific fields often resist paradigm shifts even when anomalies accumulate.
(B) Historical evidence demonstrating that many scientific theories evolved gradually rather than through sudden revolutions.
(C) A case in which a major anomaly was explained without requiring a shift in the prevailing scientific framework.
(D) Examples of paradigm shifts that resulted in less predictive accuracy than the previous scientific framework.
(E) A theory suggesting that anomalies are inevitable in all scientific models, regardless of their validity.
Which of the following would most weaken Kuhn’s argument as presented in the passage?
(A) A study showing that scientific fields often resist paradigm shifts even when anomalies accumulate.
(B) Historical evidence demonstrating that many scientific theories evolved gradually rather than through sudden revolutions.
(C) A case in which a major anomaly was explained without requiring a shift in the prevailing scientific framework.
(D) Examples of paradigm shifts that resulted in less predictive accuracy than the previous scientific framework.
(E) A theory suggesting that anomalies are inevitable in all scientific models, regardless of their validity.
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