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02 Sep 2010, 09:13
Kudos
Bookmarks
i know, some discuss this problem before, but I haven't got the answers and explanations that can satisfy me. Help me answer with explantion
The term "episodic memory" was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity, the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one¡¯s own mind--as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event "bound" together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays' accurate memory of "what," "where,"and "when" information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton's experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton's birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were experiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term "episodic-like" memory.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation
B.describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations
C.present similarities between human memory and animal memory
D.point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human
E.account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment
2. According to the passage, Clayton's experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
A.recall "when" and "where" information more distinctly than "what" information
B.are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time
C.choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time
D.choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available
E.prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period
3. The passage suggests that Clayton's experiment demonstrated scrub jays' ability to
A.choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade
B.unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions
C.bind together information about different aspects of a single past event
D.reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly
E.distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event
4. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
A.Animals' abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.
B.Animals do not share humans' abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
C.The accuracy of animals' memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.
D.Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.
E.The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory
The term "episodic memory" was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity, the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one¡¯s own mind--as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event "bound" together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays' accurate memory of "what," "where,"and "when" information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton's experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton's birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were experiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term "episodic-like" memory.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation
B.describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations
C.present similarities between human memory and animal memory
D.point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human
E.account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment
2. According to the passage, Clayton's experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
A.recall "when" and "where" information more distinctly than "what" information
B.are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time
C.choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time
D.choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available
E.prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period
3. The passage suggests that Clayton's experiment demonstrated scrub jays' ability to
A.choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade
B.unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions
C.bind together information about different aspects of a single past event
D.reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly
E.distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event
4. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
A.Animals' abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.
B.Animals do not share humans' abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
C.The accuracy of animals' memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.
D.Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals.
E.The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory
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03 Sep 2010, 09:59
Kudos
Bookmarks
My answers:
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation
B.describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations - Wrong. The experiment is just a part of the passage. Not whole purpose.
C.present similarities between human memory and animal memory - Irrelevant
D.point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human - Irrelevant
E.account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment - Irrelevant
2. According to the passage, Clayton's experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
A.recall "when" and "where" information more distinctly than "what" information - Per 2nd last line in the passage this is wrong.
B.are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time - Wrong
C.choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time
D.choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available - never mentioned in passage
E.prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period - wrong
3. The passage suggests that Clayton's experiment demonstrated scrub jays' ability to
A.choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade - Out of scope
B.unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions - Out of scope
C.bind together information about different aspects of a single past event
D.reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly - From last line - wrong
E.distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event - Wrong
4. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
A.Animals' abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.
B.Animals do not share humans' abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
C.The accuracy of animals' memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.
D.Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals. - wrong. Too critical
E.The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory - wrong
1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation
B.describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations - Wrong. The experiment is just a part of the passage. Not whole purpose.
C.present similarities between human memory and animal memory - Irrelevant
D.point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human - Irrelevant
E.account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment - Irrelevant
2. According to the passage, Clayton's experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
A.recall "when" and "where" information more distinctly than "what" information - Per 2nd last line in the passage this is wrong.
B.are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time - Wrong
C.choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time
D.choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available - never mentioned in passage
E.prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period - wrong
3. The passage suggests that Clayton's experiment demonstrated scrub jays' ability to
A.choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade - Out of scope
B.unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions - Out of scope
C.bind together information about different aspects of a single past event
D.reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly - From last line - wrong
E.distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event - Wrong
4. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
A.Animals' abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory.
B.Animals do not share humans' abilities to reexperience the past through memory.
C.The accuracy of animals' memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation.
D.Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals. - wrong. Too critical
E.The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory - wrong
03 Sep 2010, 10:14
Kudos
Bookmarks
Here are my answers:
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation - para is not offering an alternative interpretation. The whole thing cover's Clayton's own interpretation.
B.describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations - yes this is exactly what it does. Except for the first sentence which provides background, the whole passage discusses the experiment.
C.present similarities between human memory and animal memory - no other similarities are discussed. only one aspect. so this is not the 'main purpose'
D.point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human - irrelevant. this is not the main purpose and it is not actually revealed to be a 'flaw'
E.account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment - it never says the behavior is 'unexpected'. anyway this is not the main purpose of the passage.
2. According to the passage, Clayton's experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
A.recall "when" and "where" information more distinctly than "what" information - no, this is what the experiment was designed to test, it didn't 'depend' upon it.
B.are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time - again, no info was given about this.
C.choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time - this was the result of the experiment which proved that they have episodic-like memory, but the experiment didn't 'depend' upon this. this was not known before the experiment was conducted.
D.choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available - yes, the experiment need the jays to have a preference for something over the other, otherwise there was no way to judge whether the jays remembered what they buried where.
E.prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period - untrue, and irrelavant
3. The passage suggests that Clayton's experiment demonstrated scrub jays' ability to
A.choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade - wrong
B.unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions - irrelevant. this was not discussed.
C.bind together information about different aspects of a single past event - yes. the birds were able to remember what, where, and when.
D.reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly - this cannot be conclusively proven. it says so in the second last sentence.
E.distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event - irrelevant
4. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
A.Animals' abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory. - true. Clayton has been shown to admit to this and Tulving also differentiates between the two.
B.Animals do not share humans' abilities to reexperience the past through memory. - it cannot be shown that they definitely do NOT.
C.The accuracy of animals' memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation. - just because this experiment didn't show it does not mean it is difficult. irrelevant.
D.Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals. - not discussed
E.The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory - it IS a feature, just not a complete picture
1. B
2. D
3. C
4. A
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.explain how the findings of a particular experiment have been interpreted and offer an alternative interpretation - para is not offering an alternative interpretation. The whole thing cover's Clayton's own interpretation.
B.describe a particular experiment and point out one of its limitations - yes this is exactly what it does. Except for the first sentence which provides background, the whole passage discusses the experiment.
C.present similarities between human memory and animal memory - no other similarities are discussed. only one aspect. so this is not the 'main purpose'
D.point out a flaw in the argument that a certain capacity is uniquely human - irrelevant. this is not the main purpose and it is not actually revealed to be a 'flaw'
E.account for the unexpected behavior of animal subjects in a particular experiment - it never says the behavior is 'unexpected'. anyway this is not the main purpose of the passage.
2. According to the passage, Clayton's experiment depended on the fact that scrub jays
A.recall "when" and "where" information more distinctly than "what" information - no, this is what the experiment was designed to test, it didn't 'depend' upon it.
B.are not able to retain information about a single past event for an indefinitely long period of time - again, no info was given about this.
C.choose peanuts over crickets when the crickets have been stored for a long period of time - this was the result of the experiment which proved that they have episodic-like memory, but the experiment didn't 'depend' upon this. this was not known before the experiment was conducted.
D.choose crickets over peanuts whenever both are available - yes, the experiment need the jays to have a preference for something over the other, otherwise there was no way to judge whether the jays remembered what they buried where.
E.prefer peanuts that have been stored for a short period to crickets that have been stored for a short period - untrue, and irrelavant
3. The passage suggests that Clayton's experiment demonstrated scrub jays' ability to
A.choose different storage places for different kinds of food to minimize the rate at which a food will degrade - wrong
B.unlearn a behavior they use in the wild in order to adapt to laboratory conditions - irrelevant. this was not discussed.
C.bind together information about different aspects of a single past event - yes. the birds were able to remember what, where, and when.
D.reexperience a past event in memory and act accordingly - this cannot be conclusively proven. it says so in the second last sentence.
E.distinguish one learning event from a subsequent learning event - irrelevant
4. It can be inferred from the passage that both Tulving and Clayton would agree with which of the following statements?
A.Animals' abilities to use information about a specific past event are not conclusive evidence of episodic memory. - true. Clayton has been shown to admit to this and Tulving also differentiates between the two.
B.Animals do not share humans' abilities to reexperience the past through memory. - it cannot be shown that they definitely do NOT.
C.The accuracy of animals' memories is difficult to determine through direct experimentation. - just because this experiment didn't show it does not mean it is difficult. irrelevant.
D.Humans tend to recollect single bits of information more accurately than do animals. - not discussed
E.The binding of different kinds of information is not a distinctive feature of episodic memory - it IS a feature, just not a complete picture
Archived Topic
Hi there,
This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
Where to now? Join ongoing discussions on thousands of quality questions in our Reading Comprehension (RC) Forum
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block above for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.
Thank you for understanding, and happy exploring!
