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19 Dec 2025, 05:50
Kudos
Bookmarks
Bigger cities need more infrastructure than smaller ones-but how much more? For instance,
among cities in the economically most developed countries, the number of service stations varies,
not in direct proportion to the population, but to a far smaller number, obtainable by a precise
formula applied to the population. This implies that given a city's population, we can predict how
many service stations the city needs. The bigger the city, the fewer gas stations needed per
thousand people. The same scaling relationship holds for certain other aspects of infrastructure.
Interestingly, a similar scaling relationship occurs among organisms. Outside their host
organisms, almost all mammal cells have similar rates of energy use. But in the animal's body, the
larger the animal, the smaller the cells' average at-rest energy needs. Thus an elephant's cells
individually consume far less energy than a mouse's. Kleiber's law, which describes mammals' at-rest
energy needs, indicates that they increase at a significantly slower rate than body weight. The
relevant scaling relationship is described by a formula quite like the one applicable to city
infrastructure.
Physicist Geoffrey West has argued that a scaling relationship somewhat like Kleiber's is
theoretically likely in systems using a network of branching tubes to convey energy and nutrients
efficiently throughout a three-dimensional body. Such a transport system could be the circulatory
system's architecture, but also a city's systems of roads, cables, and pipes.
Q1) Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?
A. Body size is not the main determinant of a mammal's daily calorie needs.
B. The total daily calorie needs of a population of small mammals that together weigh as much
as one large mammal are generally less than the larger mammal's total daily calorie needs.
C. Kleiber's law does not characterize changes in mammals' energy needs as those needs
change with increases in level of activity.
D. Small mammals' circulatory systems deliver energy and nutrients more slowly than do larger
mammals' circulatory systems.
E. The larger an ecosystem is, the fewer animals per unit of area it can support.
Q2) The primary purpose of the passage's discussion of elephant cells and mouse cells is to?
A. provide an example to indicate that there are exceptions to Kleiber's law
B. extend the application of an idea about the food-energy needs of human populations to the
collective food-energy needs of groups of animals
C. illustrate a general principle regarding the relationship between the functioning of organisms
and their relative size
D. clarify a point, made earlier in the passage, about the range of size differences among cities
E. suggest the universal applicability of a method for measuring energy consumption in
animals
among cities in the economically most developed countries, the number of service stations varies,
not in direct proportion to the population, but to a far smaller number, obtainable by a precise
formula applied to the population. This implies that given a city's population, we can predict how
many service stations the city needs. The bigger the city, the fewer gas stations needed per
thousand people. The same scaling relationship holds for certain other aspects of infrastructure.
Interestingly, a similar scaling relationship occurs among organisms. Outside their host
organisms, almost all mammal cells have similar rates of energy use. But in the animal's body, the
larger the animal, the smaller the cells' average at-rest energy needs. Thus an elephant's cells
individually consume far less energy than a mouse's. Kleiber's law, which describes mammals' at-rest
energy needs, indicates that they increase at a significantly slower rate than body weight. The
relevant scaling relationship is described by a formula quite like the one applicable to city
infrastructure.
Physicist Geoffrey West has argued that a scaling relationship somewhat like Kleiber's is
theoretically likely in systems using a network of branching tubes to convey energy and nutrients
efficiently throughout a three-dimensional body. Such a transport system could be the circulatory
system's architecture, but also a city's systems of roads, cables, and pipes.
Q1) Which of the following is most strongly supported by the information in the passage?
A. Body size is not the main determinant of a mammal's daily calorie needs.
B. The total daily calorie needs of a population of small mammals that together weigh as much
as one large mammal are generally less than the larger mammal's total daily calorie needs.
C. Kleiber's law does not characterize changes in mammals' energy needs as those needs
change with increases in level of activity.
D. Small mammals' circulatory systems deliver energy and nutrients more slowly than do larger
mammals' circulatory systems.
E. The larger an ecosystem is, the fewer animals per unit of area it can support.
Q2) The primary purpose of the passage's discussion of elephant cells and mouse cells is to?
A. provide an example to indicate that there are exceptions to Kleiber's law
B. extend the application of an idea about the food-energy needs of human populations to the
collective food-energy needs of groups of animals
C. illustrate a general principle regarding the relationship between the functioning of organisms
and their relative size
D. clarify a point, made earlier in the passage, about the range of size differences among cities
E. suggest the universal applicability of a method for measuring energy consumption in
animals
Archived Topic
Hi there,
This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
Where to now? Join ongoing discussions on thousands of quality questions in our Reading Comprehension (RC) Forum
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block below for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.
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19 Dec 2025, 05:57
Kudos
Bookmarks
pegasus21
This question is discussed here: https://gmatclub.com/forum/bigger-citie ... 18885.html Hope it helps.
Archived Topic
Hi there,
This topic has been closed and archived due to inactivity or violation of community quality standards. No more replies are possible here.
Where to now? Join ongoing discussions on thousands of quality questions in our Reading Comprehension (RC) Forum
Still interested in this question? Check out the "Best Topics" block above for a better discussion on this exact question, as well as several more related questions.
Thank you for understanding, and happy exploring!
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