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What is the correct answer?

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Here is the OA and Explanation: Now that the OA and explanation are posted, can you rate this question in terms of difficulty?
Let's keep the 1-5 scale with 1 being easy and 5 hard.

Answer: A

Relative pronoun ‘which’ and ‘that’ refer to the noun or noun phrase that comes exactly before them. It is the treaty that forbids the testing of nuclear weapons.
A – This is the correct answer.
B – This uses the participial form to create a run-on modifier with the latter half of the sentence.
C – It is the treaty that forbids the testing of nuclear weapons and hence the relative pronoun should relate to treaty, not the countries.
D – As above
E – As above
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By the end of 2008, 180 countries had signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), which forbids all nuclear explosions, including the explosive testing of nuclear weapons.

If A is a right answer, we have non-essential part with "which" that we can omit without loses. At the same time, without "which....explosions" part, "including" part has no sense". So, "had signed ... CTBT...including ...testing" or "forbids...including...." is ambiguity.



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