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22 Apr 2026, 12:53
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50% (01:25) correct
50%
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wrong
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A recent analysis found that employees who regularly attend optional professional development workshops are significantly more likely to be promoted within two years than those who do not attend such workshops. Based on this finding, the researchers concluded that attending these workshops plays a key role in accelerating career advancement.
Critics, however, contend that the conclusion is unwarranted. They argue that the observed relationship may not be causal, but instead reflects preexisting differences among employees.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the critics’ objection?
A. Some employees who attend professional development workshops do not receive promotions within two years.
B. Employees who attend these workshops often report that they find them useful for improving job-related skills.
C. Employees who are already highly motivated and proactive in their careers are both more likely to attend optional workshops and more likely to receive promotions.
D. The company offers a wide variety of workshops covering different professional skills.
E. Employees who receive promotions often take on additional responsibilities prior to being promoted.
Critics, however, contend that the conclusion is unwarranted. They argue that the observed relationship may not be causal, but instead reflects preexisting differences among employees.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the critics’ objection?
A. Some employees who attend professional development workshops do not receive promotions within two years.
B. Employees who attend these workshops often report that they find them useful for improving job-related skills.
C. Employees who are already highly motivated and proactive in their careers are both more likely to attend optional workshops and more likely to receive promotions.
D. The company offers a wide variety of workshops covering different professional skills.
E. Employees who receive promotions often take on additional responsibilities prior to being promoted.
22 Apr 2026, 13:45
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A recent analysis found that employees who regularly attend optional professional development workshops are significantly more likely to be promoted within two years than those who do not attend such workshops. Based on this finding, the researchers concluded that attending these workshops plays a key role in accelerating career advancement.
Critics, however, contend that the conclusion is unwarranted. They argue that the observed relationship may not be causal, but instead reflects preexisting differences among employees.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the critics’ objection?
The researchers see a correlation and conclude that workshop attendance causes faster promotion. The critics say that may be wrong because the people who choose to attend may already be different in ways that make them more likely to be promoted anyway. So the best support for the critics is evidence of a preexisting trait that explains both workshop attendance and promotion.
(A) Some employees who attend professional development workshops do not receive promotions within two years.
This does not help much. A causal claim does not require that every attendee be promoted.
(B) Employees who attend these workshops often report that they find them useful for improving job-related skills.
This supports the researchers, not the critics.
(C) Employees who are already highly motivated and proactive in their careers are both more likely to attend optional workshops and more likely to receive promotions.
This is correct. It gives exactly the alternative explanation the critics want: motivation and proactivity may be the real cause of both workshop attendance and promotion, so the relationship may not be causal.
(D) The company offers a wide variety of workshops covering different professional skills.
This is irrelevant. Variety of workshops does not address the causal objection.
(E) Employees who receive promotions often take on additional responsibilities prior to being promoted.
This does not directly address workshop attendance or the critics’ claim about preexisting differences.
Answer: (C)
Critics, however, contend that the conclusion is unwarranted. They argue that the observed relationship may not be causal, but instead reflects preexisting differences among employees.
Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the critics’ objection?
The researchers see a correlation and conclude that workshop attendance causes faster promotion. The critics say that may be wrong because the people who choose to attend may already be different in ways that make them more likely to be promoted anyway. So the best support for the critics is evidence of a preexisting trait that explains both workshop attendance and promotion.
(A) Some employees who attend professional development workshops do not receive promotions within two years.
This does not help much. A causal claim does not require that every attendee be promoted.
(B) Employees who attend these workshops often report that they find them useful for improving job-related skills.
This supports the researchers, not the critics.
(C) Employees who are already highly motivated and proactive in their careers are both more likely to attend optional workshops and more likely to receive promotions.
This is correct. It gives exactly the alternative explanation the critics want: motivation and proactivity may be the real cause of both workshop attendance and promotion, so the relationship may not be causal.
(D) The company offers a wide variety of workshops covering different professional skills.
This is irrelevant. Variety of workshops does not address the causal objection.
(E) Employees who receive promotions often take on additional responsibilities prior to being promoted.
This does not directly address workshop attendance or the critics’ claim about preexisting differences.
Answer: (C)
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