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655-705 (Hard)|   Strengthen|                              
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 19 Oct 2020, 07:59
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GMATNinja
The author concludes that "it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese." Since we need to strengthen the argument, let's make sure we understand the author's logic:

  • "Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa." - This background information tells us that cast-brass plaques are a typical form of art in Benin culture.
  • "The oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s." - These plaques have been a part of Benin culture since at least the 1400s (maybe earlier).
  • "Some scholars hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A.D." - How did the people of Benin learn brass-casting techniques? Perhaps from the Portuguese. This hypothesis is consistent with the date evidence (the earliest known plaques date to the 1400s, and the Portuguese came to Benin in the 1400s).
  • However, "Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife." - When the Portuguese first showed up, Benin already had cast-brass jewelry from Ife. This means that Benin had already been introduced to cast-brass prior to the arrival of the Portugal. This evidence seems to hurt the hypothesis of some scholars. The author thus concludes that Benin's knowledge of brass casting probably did not derive from (or "originate from") the Portuguese.

We need something that strengthens the author's argument (not the scholar's hypothesis):

Quote:
(A) The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers.
Notice that (A) does NOT say, "Portuguese records indicate that the expedition did not include metalworkers." (A) says that the records don't indicate either way. So perhaps the expedition included metalworkers and perhaps it did not. Although this leaves open the possibility that the expedition did not include metalworkers, the evidence in (A) is not very strong. Let's look for something better.

Quote:
(B) The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s.
The evidence tells us that Benin had cast-brass objects from Ife before they encountered the Portuguese. This suggests that the people of Benin may have learned about cast-brass from Ife, not from the Portuguese.

But what if the people of Ife learned about brass casting from the Portuguese? In that case, any knowledge about brass casting transferred from Ife to Benin actually originated (or derived) from the Portuguese. In other words, if the Portuguese taught the people of Ife about brass casting and then the people of Ife taught the people of Benin about brass casting, then Benin's knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese (even though it was not transferred directly from the Portuguese to Benin).

This would obviously hurt the argument. Choice (B) eliminates this possibility and thus strengthens the argument. Hang on to (B).

Quote:
(C) In the 1400s the Portuguese did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques.
All that matters is that the Portuguese knew how to cast brass. We don't care how the Portuguese used cast brass. Even if the Portuguese did not make cast brass commemorative plaques, they still could have taught the people of Benin how to cast brass. Thus, (C) does not strengthen the argument and can be eliminated.

Quote:
(D) As early as 1500 A.D., Benin artists were making brass plaques incorporating depictions of Europeans.
This statement doesn't tell us anything about the origin of the artists' knowledge of brass casting. This statement could be true whether their knowledge derived from the Portuguese or from the people of Ife. Thus, (D) can be eliminated.

Quote:
(E) Copper, which is required for making brass, can be found throughout Benin territory.
This simply tells us that Benin had one of the materials needed to make brass. As with (D), this doesn't tell us anything about the origin of the artists' knowledge of brass casting. Eliminate (E).

(B) is the best answer.
Show more

Hi GMATNinja AndrewN

In option B, even if Ife derived the knowledge from Portuguese, who in turn taught Benin, this is in inline with the conclusion. It doesn't matter whether it came directly from Portuguese or not, per the conclusion. So having a contact or no contact should have no effect.
Can you plz. explain.
This would have been correct, if the conclusion would have mentioned that knowledge came "DIRECTLY" from Ife. As far as the conclusion is concerned here, coming directly or indirectly should not matter, all that it states - "To Benin it came from Ife".
If the option would have reduced the possibility of this knowledge going to Benin without involving Ife, then this option would have been correct.

What is wrong in my thinking?
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 19 Oct 2020, 14:26
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shanks2020

Hi GMATNinja AndrewN

In option B, even if Ife derived the knowledge from Portuguese, who in turn taught Benin, this is in inline with the conclusion. It doesn't matter whether it came directly from Portuguese or not, per the conclusion. So having a contact or no contact should have no effect.
Can you plz. explain.
This would have been correct, if the conclusion would have mentioned that knowledge came "DIRECTLY" from Ife. As far as the conclusion is concerned here, coming directly or indirectly should not matter, all that it states - "To Benin it came from Ife".
If the option would have reduced the possibility of this knowledge going to Benin without involving Ife, then this option would have been correct.

What is wrong in my thinking?
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Hello, shanks2020. I think your approach here is overwrought, that Portuguese influence is what needs to be considered here, and influence can be indirect. (Sorry, I could not help dropping in a metallurgical pun.) To be clear, the conclusion that Benin is unlikely to have derived its knowledge of brass casting from the Portuguese is based on the premise that Portuguese records from a 1485 expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin's king from neighboring Ife. Since we are tasked with most strengthening the argument, we need to consider this premise. You might wonder why I underlined most just now. I think it is important to consider that you are not looking for an ironclad truth (I am on a roll now, so why stop) to strengthen the argument, just some piece of information that increases the probability that the conclusion is accurate for the reason provided. Here, if the Portuguese had in some way influenced the brass-casting knowledge of metalworkers from Ife, then the conclusion would fall apart. The correct answer, then, should best dispel this notion.

Looking at (B), if the Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s, then it would seem reasonable to suggest that Ife metalworkers had produced the cast-brass jewelry gifted to the king of Benin in 1485 without techniques that were introduced by the Portuguese and, further, that Ife's knowledge of brass casting was a likely candidate for shaping Benin's knowledge of brass casting. Is it possible that the people of Ife had come across Portuguese brass casting techniques in some other way, perhaps through indirect trade or through writings, prior to the 1485 Portuguese expedition to Benin? Sure, but it is less likely than the alternative, that that cast-brass jewelry was produced by any other means, given the timeline, and that this knowledge was in turn passed on to Benin. Of the five answer choices presented, (B) is the only one that provides a satisfactory option. Was there something else that you thought sounded more reasonable?

Thank you for thinking to ask me about the question. I hope that helps.

- Andrew
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 03 Jul 2021, 00:52
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One of those official questions that I find clearly unconvincing:

We want to know where the knowledge came from.

P = Portuguese
I = Ife
B = Benin

When the P arrived, B had jewelry from I. That doesnt tell us much about from where B eventually got their knowledge. We know that I had this knowledge because I had sent ready-made pieces of jewelry to B.

The P noticed this jewelry and taught B the technique of brass casting, a technique the P also knew.

In 1500, the P had contact with I and gave them one hell of a scolding for not teaching B how to cast brass.

Conclusion: That P did not have any contact with I until 1500 doesnt strengthen anything about from where B got their knowledge.


GMATNinja
But what if the people of Ife learned about brass casting from the Portuguese? In that case, any knowledge about brass casting transferred from Ife to Benin actually originated (or derived) from the Portuguese. In other words, if the Portuguese taught the people of Ife about brass casting and then the people of Ife taught the people of Benin about brass casting, then Benin's knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese (even though it was not transferred directly from the Portuguese to Benin).
Show more

I cant agree with you here. Any knowledge about brass casting must not have been transferred from Ife to Benin. What if Ife did not at all teach Benin about this technique, but only sent ready-made jewelry? The prompt gives us nothing that indicates that Benin got any kind of knowledge from Ife.

Edit: Some hours later...

Ive been pondering on this. I think I get the reasoning now, but I also think its far-fetched. You mean that B could have learnt this either from Ife or from Portuguese. To strengthen that the knowledge comes from Ife, we want to rule out the possibility that the Portuguese have first educated Ife and that Ife then educated Benin, because this possibility is seen as if the knowledge arrived in Benin through the portuguese.

This is exceptionally far-fetched and if this is the line of reasoning that is given in the official explanation, GMAC does not comply with airtight logic here. The only thing we want to strengthen is the fact that Benin could not have been directly educated by the portugese, but rather directly educated by Ife, no matter how Ife got this knowledge. I mean, we are not asked to strengthen whether the knowledge first arrived at the continent as a whole when the portuguese came.

Or, more likely I guess, I have not paid enough attention to the subtlety of the word "derive". I can see now how this word may imply that the knowledge may have derived from the portuguese even if by a detour.
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 17 Nov 2021, 08:59
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GMATNinja

You know,

When I saw the word "derived", I thought "something you learn from someone" kind of stuff.
In our case,
"Benin's knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese" means "Portuguese LITERALLY taught them brass casting" to me.

But according to the argument, neighbour Ife TAUGHT Benin how to use brass casting.

So, I thought, (B) is not relevant because it does not matter whether Ife learnt brass casting from Portuguese (or someone else). What matters is, Ife TAUGHT Benin about brass casting (i.e. brass casting was derived from Ife, not from Portuguese). So, (B) does not provide any additional strengthening info.

I personally chose (C), as I thought "did not use brass casting" kind of means "did not know it".
At least (C) sounded more strengthener than (B) to me.

Any opinions?
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 23 Nov 2021, 01:01
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GMATNinja
The author concludes that "it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese." Since we need to strengthen the argument, let's make sure we understand the author's logic:

  • "Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa." - This background information tells us that cast-brass plaques are a typical form of art in Benin culture.
  • "The oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s." - These plaques have been a part of Benin culture since at least the 1400s (maybe earlier).
  • "Some scholars hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A.D." - How did the people of Benin learn brass-casting techniques? Perhaps from the Portuguese. This hypothesis is consistent with the date evidence (the earliest known plaques date to the 1400s, and the Portuguese came to Benin in the 1400s).
  • However, "Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife." - When the Portuguese first showed up, Benin already had cast-brass jewelry from Ife. This means that Benin had already been introduced to cast-brass prior to the arrival of the Portugal. This evidence seems to hurt the hypothesis of some scholars. The author thus concludes that Benin's knowledge of brass casting probably did not derive from (or "originate from") the Portuguese.

We need something that strengthens the author's argument (not the scholar's hypothesis):

Quote:
(A) The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers.
Notice that (A) does NOT say, "Portuguese records indicate that the expedition did not include metalworkers." (A) says that the records don't indicate either way. So perhaps the expedition included metalworkers and perhaps it did not. Although this leaves open the possibility that the expedition did not include metalworkers, the evidence in (A) is not very strong. Let's look for something better.

Quote:
(B) The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s.
Show more
The evidence tells us that Benin had cast-brass objects from Ife before they encountered the Portuguese. This suggests that the people of Benin may have learned about cast-brass from Ife, not from the Portuguese.

But what if the people of Ife learned about brass casting from the Portuguese? In that case, any knowledge about brass casting transferred from Ife to Benin actually originated (or derived) from the Portuguese. In other words, if the Portuguese taught the people of Ife about brass casting and then the people of Ife taught the people of Benin about brass casting, then Benin's knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese (even though it was not transferred directly from the Portuguese to Benin).

This would obviously hurt the argument. Choice (B) eliminates this possibility and thus strengthens the argument. Hang on to (B).

thx for expert's excellent explanation, but a thing still confused me. As this sentence in the stimulus "But Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife" seems to mean Portuguese came to Ife and buy the cast-brass jewelry then sent to Benin’s king, which means Portuguese had contacted with Ife in 1485. So isn't it contradict with choice B "The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s." ?
Any one can shed some light? thx in advance
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of Updated on: 04 Feb 2022, 19:08
Originally posted by jabhatta2 on 04 Feb 2022, 12:30.
Last edited by jabhatta2 on 04 Feb 2022, 19:08, edited 1 time in total.
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AbdurRakib
Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa. Some scholars, noting that the oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s, hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A.D. But Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife. So it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese.

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Hi KarishmaB
Just focussing on the stimulus, specifically the purple - do you get the sense THAT the cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin's king from Ife -- was sent
-- BEFORE 1485
-- During 1485 (At the exact same time of the expedition)
-- Both scenarios are possible but cant be determined. One should just assume, both scenario are possible

Just curious if one can figure that out ?
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of Updated on: 06 Feb 2022, 10:24
Originally posted by jabhatta2 on 04 Feb 2022, 13:28.
Last edited by jabhatta2 on 06 Feb 2022, 10:24, edited 1 time in total.
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Hi - Do you think these are "weakenesses". I know the argument is talking about 'strengths' but i think the strategy is eliminating weakenesses in order to strengthen. So i was just try to come up with weakenesses to the argument as an exercise so I can intuitively think of these next time

Quote:

(i) Records later than 1485 indicate that the portuguese first met the IFE in 1450. I think this is a weakeness but is too easy to spot on the GMAT

(ii) EARLIER records of Portuguese voyages to the Africa's have been lost

(iii) OTHER records indicate that the portuguese exported Commemorative plaques as a source of revenue. I think this is a weakener because perhaps Benins imported the plaques

(iv) Just because gifts from IFE were sent to the Benins, doenst mean the IFE's transferred knowledge of Brass casting to the Benins

(v) The French knew about Brass casting 50 years earlier compared to the Portuguese == I think this DOES NOT WEAKEN as its doesnt touch on the link between the premise and the conclusion specifically

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Do you think these are all legitimate perhaps. Can you think of any other tougher weakeners perhaps ?
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 04 Feb 2022, 15:37
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Hi ReedArnoldMPREP - Do you think these are "weakenesses". I know the argument is talking about 'strengths' but i think the strategy is eliminating weakenesses in order to strengthen. So i was just try to come up with weakenesses to the argument as an exercise so I can intuitively think of these next time

Quote:

(i) Records later than 1485 indicate that the portuguese first met the IFE in 1450. I think this is a weakeness but is too easy to spot on the GMAT

(ii) EARLIER records of Portuguese voyages to the Africa's have been lost

(iii) OTHER records indicate that the portuguese exported Commemorative plaques as a source of revenue. I think this is a weakener because perhaps Benins imported the plaques

(iv) Just because gifts from IFE were sent to the Benins, doenst mean the IFE's transferred knowledge of Brass casting to the Benins

(v) The French knew about Brass casting 50 years earlier compared to the Portuguese == I think this DOES NOT WEAKEN as its doesnt touch on the link between the premise and the conclusion specifically


Do you think these are all legitimate perhaps. Can you think of any other tougher weakeners perhaps ?
Show more

i is good (and is pretty much why B is the right answer).

ii I suppose this is a weakener, but this kind of thing isn't really what the GMAT is worried about. But it's a little too close to the realm of 'Actually our premises are just wrong!'

Don't see how iii weakens the argument. Seems like it might strengthen.

iv I suppose weakens.

v needs a little more info. I think I'd need more evidence that the French info. on brass casting lead to the Benins, directly or indirectly, not just that France had brass castings (I suppose it weakens in the gentlest little of nudges though).
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 26 May 2022, 05:27
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GMATNinja
The author concludes that "it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese." Since we need to strengthen the argument, let's make sure we understand the author's logic:

  • "Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa." - This background information tells us that cast-brass plaques are a typical form of art in Benin culture.
  • "The oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s." - These plaques have been a part of Benin culture since at least the 1400s (maybe earlier).
  • "Some scholars hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A.D." - How did the people of Benin learn brass-casting techniques? Perhaps from the Portuguese. This hypothesis is consistent with the date evidence (the earliest known plaques date to the 1400s, and the Portuguese came to Benin in the 1400s).
  • However, "Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife." - When the Portuguese first showed up, Benin already had cast-brass jewelry from Ife. This means that Benin had already been introduced to cast-brass prior to the arrival of the Portugal. This evidence seems to hurt the hypothesis of some scholars. The author thus concludes that Benin's knowledge of brass casting probably did not derive from (or "originate from") the Portuguese.

We need something that strengthens the author's argument (not the scholar's hypothesis):

Quote:
(A) The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers.
Notice that (A) does NOT say, "Portuguese records indicate that the expedition did not include metalworkers." (A) says that the records don't indicate either way. So perhaps the expedition included metalworkers and perhaps it did not. Although this leaves open the possibility that the expedition did not include metalworkers, the evidence in (A) is not very strong. Let's look for something better.

Quote:
(B) The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s.
The evidence tells us that Benin had cast-brass objects from Ife before they encountered the Portuguese. This suggests that the people of Benin may have learned about cast-brass from Ife, not from the Portuguese.

But what if the people of Ife learned about brass casting from the Portuguese? In that case, any knowledge about brass casting transferred from Ife to Benin actually originated (or derived) from the Portuguese. In other words, if the Portuguese taught the people of Ife about brass casting and then the people of Ife taught the people of Benin about brass casting, then Benin's knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese (even though it was not transferred directly from the Portuguese to Benin).

This would obviously hurt the argument. Choice (B) eliminates this possibility and thus strengthens the argument. Hang on to (B).

Quote:
(C) In the 1400s the Portuguese did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques.
All that matters is that the Portuguese knew how to cast brass. We don't care how the Portuguese used cast brass. Even if the Portuguese did not make cast brass commemorative plaques, they still could have taught the people of Benin how to cast brass. Thus, (C) does not strengthen the argument and can be eliminated.

Quote:
(D) As early as 1500 A.D., Benin artists were making brass plaques incorporating depictions of Europeans.
This statement doesn't tell us anything about the origin of the artists' knowledge of brass casting. This statement could be true whether their knowledge derived from the Portuguese or from the people of Ife. Thus, (D) can be eliminated.

Quote:
(E) Copper, which is required for making brass, can be found throughout Benin territory.
This simply tells us that Benin had one of the materials needed to make brass. As with (D), this doesn't tell us anything about the origin of the artists' knowledge of brass casting. Eliminate (E).

(B) is the best answer.
Show more


Hi GMATNinja, I got this question correct, but I took way too long on it (spent around 5 minutes on it) because I had to work from wrong to right. When I eventually did get it correct (via elimination), I still wasn't too happy with my understanding of why B was correct.

I understand that the question asks us to find a piece of info that makes it "unlikely" that Benin's knowledge derived from Portugal, but am I correct in saying that B does NOT bulletproof this? Is it not possible that Portugal taught another country, let's say Ghana, and then Ghana taught Ife, and then Ife taught Benin, in this case, even if B were true, then it is still the case that the knowledge derived from Portugal at the end of the day. Would you say that I overthought this and that thinking of this was not necessary?
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 08 Feb 2023, 01:04
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I ll highlight the sentence because of which i got this incorrect:
But Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife:

Can this sentence infer this too: The Portugese ordered that cast brass jewelry from Ife, and probably they took while on their way to africa or some body from Ife delivered when they reached there?
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Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of 15 Mar 2026, 12:28
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