Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of

The author concludes that "it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese." Since we need to strengthen the argument, let's make sure we understand the author's logic:

• "Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa." - This background information tells us that cast-brass plaques are a typical form of art in Benin culture.
• "The oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s." - These plaques have been a part of Benin culture since at least the 1400s (maybe earlier).
• "Some scholars hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A.D." - How did the people of Benin learn brass-casting techniques? Perhaps from the Portuguese. This hypothesis is consistent with the date evidence (the earliest known plaques date to the 1400s, and the Portuguese came to Benin in the 1400s).
• However, "Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife." - When the Portuguese first showed up, Benin already had cast-brass jewelry from Ife. This means that Benin had already been introduced to cast-brass prior to the arrival of the Portugal. This evidence seems to hurt the hypothesis of some scholars. The author thus concludes that Benin's knowledge of brass casting probably did not derive from (or "originate from") the Portuguese.

We need something that strengthens the author's argument (not the scholar's hypothesis):


Notice that (A) does NOT say, "Portuguese records indicate that the expedition did not include metalworkers." (A) says that the records don't indicate either way. So perhaps the expedition included metalworkers and perhaps it did not. Although this leaves open the possibility that the expedition did not include metalworkers, the evidence in (A) is not very strong. Let's look for something better.


The evidence tells us that Benin had cast-brass objects from Ife before they encountered the Portuguese. This suggests that the people of Benin may have learned about cast-brass from Ife, not from the Portuguese.

But what if the people of Ife learned about brass casting from the Portuguese? In that case, any knowledge about brass casting transferred from Ife to Benin actually originated (or derived) from the Portuguese. In other words, if the Portuguese taught the people of Ife about brass casting and then the people of Ife taught the people of Benin about brass casting, then Benin's knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese (even though it was not transferred directly from the Portuguese to Benin).

This would obviously hurt the argument. Choice (B) eliminates this possibility and thus strengthens the argument. Hang on to (B).


All that matters is that the Portuguese knew how to cast brass. We don't care how the Portuguese used cast brass. Even if the Portuguese did not make cast brass commemorative plaques, they still could have taught the people of Benin how to cast brass. Thus, (C) does not strengthen the argument and can be eliminated.


This statement doesn't tell us anything about the origin of the artists' knowledge of brass casting. This statement could be true whether their knowledge derived from the Portuguese or from the people of Ife. Thus, (D) can be eliminated.


This simply tells us that Benin had one of the materials needed to make brass. As with (D), this doesn't tell us anything about the origin of the artists' knowledge of brass casting. Eliminate (E).

(B) is the best answer.
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Premise:
1. Commemorative plaques cast from brass are a characteristic art form of the Benin culture of West Africa.
2. Some scholars, noting that the oldest surviving plaques date to the 1400s, hypothesize that brass-casting techniques were introduced by the Portuguese, who came to Benin in 1485 A.D.
3. But Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife.

Conclusion: So it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese.

Question Type : Strengthens, New information can be added.
Prephase: Benin’s knowledge of brass casting was not derived from the Portuguese. So look for answer choice that keep the Portuguese at bay with respect to Brass-casting

A. The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers. - A neutral ans. Does not strengthen -will keep if none other match.
B. The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s. - Plaques date to the 1400s, Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife. but portuguese had no contact with Ife untill 1500s, hence Ife had their own set of skills of casting plaques.
C. In the 1400s the Portuguese did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques. - A good contender - But Protuguese did not use cast brass plaques does not mean they could not have shared the knowledge - Incorrect
D. As early as 1500 A.D., Benin artists were making brass plaques incorporating depictions of Europeans. - Benin artists may have used the knowledge acquired from portuguese to make the plaques.
E. Copper, which is required for making brass, can be found throughout Benin territory. - Not relevant to the subject.

This is one important concept frequently used to trap candidates.
Premise; X
Conclusion: Y
Argument: X hence Y ( X---> Y)
The strengthening (or weakening) statement of this ARGUMENT (i.e. X---> Y) must strengthen (or weaken) the LINK between this argument, not the conclusion (Y) separately.

In the above example
X = Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife
Y = So it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese.

Please observe that option C strengthens Y in isolation. It has nothing to do with the argument X---> Y. Hence C is not correct.

(rakaisraka , if you have a query that you would like to address specifically to me, please send a link to your post in a PM so that I do not miss it.)

I took more that 4 min to get to the answer.
I dont know what is Commemorative plaques so i consider it as some kind of design
P1:- SO Design, which is part of brass-casting techniques, was part of Benin culture
P2 :- oldest design available is of 1400's means atmax 1400 year old.
P3:- Portuguese came in 1485 ,
P4 :- but records shows cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring

conclusion is Portuguese does not introduce brass-casting techniques
What if Portuguese does have an contact with neighbours and Portuguese tought neighbours this tech.
so assumption is ortuguese does not have an contact
B is the aaswer

The author concludes that "it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese."

He/she supports this conclusion with records from the first Portuguese expedition to Benin in 1485. These records mention that brass plaques had been sent to Benin from the neighboring Ife -- indicating that brass casting techniques were ALREADY present in West Africa by 1485.

But wait, what if the people of Ife learned about brass casting from the Portuguese? In that case, any knowledge about brass casting transferred from Ife to Benin actually originated (or derived) from the Portuguese. In other words, if the Portuguese taught the people of Ife about brass casting and then the people of Ife taught the people of Benin about brass casting, then Benin's knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese (even though it was not transferred directly from the Portuguese to Benin).

(B) tells us that this didn't happen. By closing that loophole, (B) strengthens the force of the evidence that the author uses to support his/her argument.

(C), on the other hand, has no impact on the argument at all. We don't care how the Portuguese used cast brass. Even if the Portuguese did not make cast brass commemorative plaques, they still could have taught the people of Benin how to cast brass. So (C) does not strengthen the argument and can be eliminated.

I hope that helps!
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The passage tells us that Portuguese records mention that cast-brass jewelry was sent to Benin's king from Ife. In other words, some piece of Portuguese paper says that someone in Ife sent cast-brass jewelry to the king of Benin.

Nothing in the passage indicates direct contact between Portuguese people and Ife. The records are only observations made by the Portuguese. And choice (B) confirms the absence of the Portuguese from this entire transaction between Ife and Benin. That's why (B) is such a good strengthener.
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C does not say "did not use brass casting." Take a second on your own and see if you can specify what C says and how that's different from your interpretation of it (this kind of accuracy is important!)

It says they did not make *plaques* out of brass casting (which is what the Benin used cast brass for). I think if C said "did not use brass casting *at all*" it would be a strengthener... but a very obvious one. Almost too obvious!

"Derived from" means 'has as an origin.'

So a musician today can make music derived from Bach even though Bach isn't around to directly teach that musician. And if another musician makes derivations of the first musician's music, that would *still* be derived from Bach. (And Bach himself probably made music derived from someone else's).

So yes, if the Portuguese taught the Ife, and the Ife taught the Benin, the Benin's methods would be 'derived' from the Portuguese method.
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If A were as follows, then it would be strengthening:
"The Portuguese records indicate that their expedition of 1485 did not include metalworkers.".
The current construction of A is neither strengthening nor weakening as the option A does not indicate whether there were (or there were no) metalworkers in the expedition team.

Option B:
It could be the case that Ife got the brass jewelry from the Portuguese and then in turn sent to the Benins. But if the Portuguese did not have contact with the Ife (as mentioned in option B), then it cannot be the case that the Benins got the jewelry from the Portuguese (even indirectly).

Hi Sayantan , Can you please explain why C is wrong? i ws confused b/w B and C? C states that they did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques, which is required. So isnt it strenghthen that it cam from neighbour.?

Hi GMATNinja

Thanks for the wonderful and detailed explanation. I have one doubt.

STIMULUS - But Portuguese records of that expedition mention cast-brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife.

Option B - The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s.

Isn't this a contradiction - i.e. How could Portuguese sent cast-brass jewelry to Benin’s king from neighboring Ife in 1485 A.D. WITHOUT having no contact with Ife until the 1500s.

Kindly clarify!
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You're on the right track with the subtleties of the word "derive" -- if the Portuguese gave the knowledge to the Ife, who who turn gave it to Benin, then Benin's knowledge did indeed derive from the Portuguese. (B) tells us that this didn't happen, and so strengthens the conclusion that "it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese."

Remember that we're asked which answer choice "most strengthens" the argument. So, we're just looking for the option that strengthens the argument more than the other options, NOT an option that proves the conclusion to be 100% true.

(B) does exactly what it needs to do -- by eliminating an explanation for the evidence provided, it makes it more likely that the author is correct. None of the other options provided any support for the author's argument, so (B) is the clear winner.

I hope that helps!
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The passage doesn't say or imply that the Portuguese ever went to Ife.

The Portuguese went to Benin in 1485, and wrote records about that trip. In the records, they mention that Ife sent brass-cast jewelry to Benin's king. The Portugues weren't involved in the transaction at all -- they just noted in the records that Ife sent jewelry to Benin. They could make this observation this without ever setting foot in Ife.

So, the passage doesn't conflict with (B).

I hope that helps!
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We're asked to strengthen the argument, not to prove that the argument MUST be true.

You're right that (B) doesn't make the argument bulletproof -- and that's totally fine! On balance, (B) supports the argument that "it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portuguese," and that's enough for (B) to be the correct answer.

I hope that helps!
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Hi,

Thank you for such a good explanation , however can you please elaborate more why A is incorrect. Are we not strengthening the argument by sayin that Portuguese did not even had metal workers when they came to Benin and isn't B little out of scope? Please help

Regards
Megha

Conclusion : So it is unlikely that Benin’s knowledge of brass casting derived from the Portugese.
Premise for the above conclusion is Portuguese records of that expedition mentions cast brass jewelry sent to Benin’s king from neighbouring Ife

A. The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers.( Wrong Answer : The very fact that portuguese records of that expedition do not indicate the presence of metalworkers in the expedition is not reason enough to believe that portugese did not brought the knowledge of brass casting along with them to Benin in the expedition.
B. The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s.( Right Answer : This option negates the possibility that people of Ife would have learnt about brass casting from Portuguese in the 1400s.)
C. In the 1400s the Portuguese did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques.( Wrong Answer : This does not negate the possibility that the people of Benin after having learnt about brass casting from Portuguese in the 1400s manufactured them indigeniously)
D. As early as 1500 A.D., Benin artists were making brass plaques incorporating depictions of Europeans.( Wrong Answer : This options does not throw any light upon when the people of Benin would have learnt the process of Brass casting)
E. Copper, which is required for making brass, can be found throughout Benin territory.(Wrong Answer : This option does not throw any light upon when the people of Benin would have learnt the process of Brass Casting.)

The answer is B

Let's break it down logically: the claim is that since bronze casting came to Benin from the Ife, it did not derive from the Portuguese. This is true, if we assume that the Ice did not themselves get it from the Portuguese. Thus, the argument is great strengthened if it is true that (B) The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s.


Another way to solve is by process of elimination:

(A) The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers. if they indicated that there were no metalworkers, this would indeed strengthen - but just not indicating doesn't help much


(C) In the 1400s the Portuguese did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques.if we knew they didn't cast brass at all this would strengthen, but merely that they didn't use it for this purpose doesn't mean that people in Benin didn't;t adopt it for this reason

(D) As early as 1500 A.D., Benin artists were making brass plaques incorporating depictions of Europeans. this weakens the argument somewhat, as it suggests a connection between brass plates and the Eurpoeans for people in Benin

(E) Copper, which is required for making brass, can be found throughout Benin territory. irrelevant - the question is where they learned the technique

(A) The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers.
not necessarily metal workers only can do it.
even if above is true, not mentioning abt metal workers opens the floor to debate

(B) The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s.
there is no way, ife taught port!!. hence there is no way, port had know

(C) In the 1400s the Portuguese did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques.
use of plaques is irrelevant

(D) As early as 1500 A.D., Benin artists were making brass plaques incorporating depictions of Europeans.
again same as above

(E) Copper, which is required for making brass, can be found throughout Benin territory.
even if found, casting knowledge are different topics.

Argument:
Specific brass monuments found in Benin seem to be from the 1400s. Portuguese were there in 1485, so it could be they introduced these techniques. But, Portuguese records say Benin got these brass casting techniques from Ife. So, Benin did not get brass casting knowledge from Portuguese.

The argument does not seem to have any logical jumps. So, to strengthen this conclusion, think about possible objections to this argument and then we take scenarios that these objections don't exist. Possible objections:

What if the Portuguese records are incorrect? or, What if there were other historical records mentioning that Benin got these techniques from Portuguese before Ife sent them? ->No other records exist prior to these that show evidence that Portuguese shared brass making knowledge with Benin.(Assumption 1)

What if Ife learned these techniques from the Portuguese? In that case, the original source of knowledge would still be Portuguese. -> Ife did not learn brass casting techniques from Portuguese(Assumption 2)

We could look for strengtheners along the line of these assumptions.

(A) The Portuguese records do not indicate whether their expedition of 1485 included metalworkers. Including metalworkers or not gives us no information on whether the brass casting knowledge was shared.

(B) The Portuguese had no contact with Ife until the 1500s. This means Portuguese could not have transferred the brass casting knowledge to Ife before 1500. In line with Assumption 2

(C) In the 1400s the Portuguese did not use cast brass for commemorative plaques. This has no impact on the argument whether Benin got this knowledge from Portuguese. If the Portuguese did not build these fancy monuments, still they had the knowledge of brass casting techniques and could have transferred it to Benin.
(d)As early as 1500 A.D., Benin artists were making brass plaques incorporating depictions of Europeans. Again, no impact has this does not tell us about the source of knowledge. Just tells us what they used the knowledge for.
(e) Copper, which is required for making brass, can be found throughout Benin territory. Again, no impact has this does not tell us about the source of techniques.

But here the conclusion is about receiving the knowledge of casting brass. Even if Portuguese had not contact with Ife and Ife gifted the Jewelry to Benins, Still Portuguese could have separately taught them the art of casting. We have considered the matching situation while eliminating option C, that not using the brass casting technique doesn't means they doesn't know it.

please comment on my thought related to option B.