Education critics' contention that the use of calculators in mathematics classes will undermine students' knowledge of the rationale underlying calculational procedures is clearly false. Every new information-handling technology has produced virtually the same accusation. Some Greek philosophers, for example, believed that the advent of written language would erode people’s capacity to remember information and speak extemporaneously.
The reasoning in the argument above is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument
(A) presents only evidence whose relevancy to the issue raised by the opponents has not been established
(B) draws a conclusion based on an ambiguous notion of knowledge
(C) takes for granted that the advantages offered by new information-handling technologies always outweigh the disadvantages
(D) takes a condition that suffices to prove its conclusion to be a condition necessary for the truth of that conclusion
(E) concludes that a hypothesis is false simply because it contradicts other beliefs held by the advocates of that hypothesis