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Historian: Newton developed mathematical concepts and techniques that are fundamental to modern calculus. Leibniz developed closely analogous concepts and techniques. It has traditionally been thought that these discoveries were independent. Researchers have, however, recently discovered notes of Leibniz’s that discuss one of Newton’s books on mathematics. Several scholars have argued that since the book includes a presentation of Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques, and since the notes were written before Leibniz’s own development of calculus concepts and techniques, it is virtually certain that the traditional view is false. A more cautious conclusion than this is called for, however. Leibniz’s notes are limited to early sections of Newton’s book, sections that precede the ones in which Newton’s calculus concepts and techniques are presented.
In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides evidence in support of the general position that the historian defends; the second reports the doubts of others concerning that position.
B. The first states a conclusion drawn as part of an argument that the historian criticizes; the second is that conclusion.
C. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is the judgment reached by the historian about that conclusion.
D. The first identifies grounds for a potential objection to the conclusion of the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning the accuracy of the finding.
E. The first is a claim, the explanation of which is at issue in the argument; the second brings evidence that has been used to support that explanation.
In the historian’s reasoning, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first provides evidence in support of the general position that the historian defends; the second reports the doubts of others concerning that position.
B. The first states a conclusion drawn as part of an argument that the historian criticizes; the second is that conclusion.
C. The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the historian criticizes; the second is the judgment reached by the historian about that conclusion.
D. The first identifies grounds for a potential objection to the conclusion of the argument; the second is the judgment reached by the argument concerning the accuracy of the finding.
E. The first is a claim, the explanation of which is at issue in the argument; the second brings evidence that has been used to support that explanation.
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