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Spanish Colonials (1536 AD – 1800s AD): Explorers who came in search of fabled cities of gold. Although no gold was found, the horses and cattle they left behind gave rise to wild herds that still exist in the region today.

They are referred to as explorers. No evidence is given for them about settling, instead it's mentioned that no gold was found, so they left rather than them settling and getting removed from the area due to some other reason.

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Bunuel
For each of the following statements about groups that lived in the Tularosa Basin, select True if the statement can be reasonably inferred from information provided in Tab 3. Otherwise, select Not True.

TrueNot True
Earlier settler groups exhibited more limited forms of inhabitance than did later ones.
Certain groups of settlers have a more definitive date of entry or exit from the region than do others.
Humans are not the only non-native species found in the basin today.

Earlier settler groups exhibited more limited forms of inhabitance than did later ones.

• This statement is True. Tab 3 shows that earlier groups, such as the Paleoindians, were nomadic hunters with no fixed dwellings, trade, or plant use. Later groups adopted more varied and permanent forms of inhabitance: the Hunter-Gatherers began relying more on plants for food, settled near water sources, and traded with others; the Jornada Mogollon lived in permanent structures and produced pottery. This progression supports the inference that earlier groups exhibited more limited forms of inhabitance than later ones.

Certain groups of settlers have a more definitive date of entry or exit from the region than do others.

• This statement is True. While some groups have broad or uncertain entry or exit dates, the Jornada Mogollon are said to have disappeared in 1350 AD, with that date considered accurate. So it can be inferred that certain groups have more definitive entry or exit dates than others.

Humans are not the only non-native species found in the basin today.

• This statement is True. Tab 3 says that horses and cattle left behind by Spanish Colonials sired wild herds that still live in the basin today. These animals were introduced and are still present, so humans are not the only non-native species found in the basin today.


Correct answer:

Earlier settler groups exhibited more limited forms of inhabitance than did later ones. "True"

Certain groups of settlers have a more definitive date of entry or exit from the region than do others. "True"

Humans are not the only non-native species found in the basin today. "True"

You're referring to the first statement, but it's supported even without counting the Spanish. The shift from nomadic Paleoindians to settled Jornada Mogollon is enough to show that earlier groups had more limited forms of inhabitance.
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I don't agree with the solution: Earlier settler groups exhibited more limited forms of inhabitance than did later ones.

Changing, for instance, from roaming to settling does not mean life became less limited — it simply means that it changed. On the contrary, one could argue that roaming represents the ultimate unlimited form of living, while a permanent village is, in a sense, more confined, more dependent on trade etc.

Nevertheless, in each era there is a description of a particular form of habitation. In no case is there any mention of a limitation on the kinds of ways of living, just changes.

I think its too subjective. one can think the settlement is limiting and vice versa - not sure can be reasonably inferred.
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I don't agree with the solution: Earlier settler groups exhibited more limited forms of inhabitance than did later ones.

Changing, for instance, from roaming to settling does not mean life became less limited — it simply means that it changed. On the contrary, one could argue that roaming represents the ultimate unlimited form of living, while a permanent village is, in a sense, more confined, more dependent on trade etc.

Nevertheless, in each era there is a description of a particular form of habitation. In no case is there any mention of a limitation on the kinds of ways of living, just changes.

I think its too subjective. one can think the settlement is limiting and vice versa - not sure can be reasonably inferred.
Your objection takes “limited” to mean freedom vs restriction, but here it simply refers to how many ways of living are described. Paleoindians only hunted large game and moved constantly. Later groups added plant use, trade, and settled near water, then built permanent structures and made pottery. Each stage shows more described ways of living, so the inference is reasonable.
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1. - 10,000 BC roaming = 1 way
2. - there is an overlap 6000 BC and 2000 BC - 2 ways: roaming and settling
3. 200 AD = no more roaming - only 1 way
4. 1450 seasonal villages = 1 way
5. Spanish = irrelevant info


Only in the Hunter-Gatherers period there is an 2 ways because of the overlap. how am I wrong here? Thank you.
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Your objection takes “limited” to mean freedom vs restriction, but here it simply refers to how many ways of living are described. Paleoindians only hunted large game and moved constantly. Later groups added plant use, trade, and settled near water, then built permanent structures and made pottery. Each stage shows more described ways of living, so the inference is reasonable.
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1. - 10,000 BC roaming = 1 way
2. - there is an overlap 6000 BC and 2000 BC - 2 ways: roaming and settling
3. 200 AD = no more roaming - only 1 way
4. 1450 seasonal villages = 1 way
5. Spanish = irrelevant info


Only in the Hunter-Gatherers period there is an 2 ways because of the overlap. how am I wrong here? Thank you.

You’re focusing on overlap in time, but the question is about lifestyle variety. Paleoindians had one (nomadic hunting). Hunter-Gatherers had several: hunting small game, plant use, trade, and settling near water. Jornada Mogollon added pottery and permanent homes. So “limited” means fewer lifestyle elements described, not fewer overlapping ways.
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In the question we need to consider "forms of inhabitance". Pottery is not form of inhabitance, only permanent homes are, and you ignore that the roaming has stopped (200 AD) in Jornada Mogollon, so its even, not increasing in forms.

[color=#2a2a2a]In your answer you consider specific elements such as pottery, plant use and trade as forms of living, these are specific elements that could be applied within a singular form of living, in my opinion. the form of living is the settlement, it does not matter if the settlement uses trade or only relay on hunting, the form of living is the settlement itself. The only explicit para with multiple forms of inhabitances is no 2. [/color]
Bunuel

You’re focusing on overlap in time, but the question is about lifestyle variety. Paleoindians had one (nomadic hunting). Hunter-Gatherers had several: hunting small game, plant use, trade, and settling near water. Jornada Mogollon added pottery and permanent homes. So “limited” means fewer lifestyle elements described, not fewer overlapping ways.
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Ilaico
In the question we need to consider "forms of inhabitance". Pottery is not form of inhabitance, only permanent homes are, and you ignore that the roaming has stopped (200 AD) in Jornada Mogollon, so its even, not increasing in forms.

[color=#2a2a2a]In your answer you consider specific elements such as pottery, plant use and trade as forms of living, these are specific elements that could be applied within a singular form of living, in my opinion. the form of living is the settlement, it does not matter if the settlement uses trade or only relay on hunting, the form of living is the settlement itself. The only explicit para with multiple forms of inhabitances is no 2. [/color]

Pottery isn’t itself a form of inhabitance, but it reflects a more advanced settled way of life. The Jornada Mogollon still represent progress through permanent homes and cultural development tied to settlement. While roaming ended earlier, their lifestyle became more structured and diverse, supporting the idea of less limited inhabitance. If you see it differently, we can just agree to disagree and move on from this question. Thank you for your input!
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