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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
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nikroshania1989 wrote:
EMPOWERgmatRichC wrote:
Hi Mechmeera,

In these types of probability questions, it's often easier to calculate what we DON'T WANT to have happen. We can then subtract that fraction from 1 to get the probability of what we DO want to have happen.

Here, we're going to throw 4 (6-sided) dice. We're asked for the probability of throwing AT LEAST one pair of matching numbers.

Since it's actually easier to calculate how to throw 0 pairs of matching numbers (and then subtract that fraction from 1), I'll approach the question that way...

1st roll = any number = 6/6
2nd roll = not a match to the first = 5/6
3rd roll = not a match to the 1st or 2nd = 4/6
4th roll = not a match to the 1st or 2nd or 3rd = 3/6

(6/6)(5/6)(4/6)(3/6) =
(1)(5/6)(2/3)(1/2) =
10/36

10/36 is the probability of rolling 0 matching numbers, so...

1 - 10/36 = 26/36 = the probability of rolling at least one matching pair of numbers

26/36 = 13/18

Final Answer:

GMAT assassins aren't born, they're made,
Rich



Hi Richard,

Im still confused on how the 3 iteration yields a probability of (4/6) should it not be (5/6) and the 4th iteration yield another (5/6)

Best Regards,
Nik



P(at least one pair)=1-P(No pair)
so to calculate p(No pair)
Dice 1- 6/6----a
Dice 2- 5/6 (we got to exclude the number that has come on the face of Dice 1)------b
Dice 3- 4/6 (we got to exclude the number that has come on the face of Dice 1 and on Dice 2; Remember, we don't want a pair)-----c
Dice 4-3/6 (we got to exclude the number that has come on the face of Dice 1, Dice 2 and Dice 3; Remember, we don't want a pair)----d
p(No pair)=(a*b*c*d)=6/6*5/6*4/6*3/6=5/18
P(at least one pair)=1-P(No pair)=>1-(a*b*c*d)=1-5/18=13/18.

+1 Kudos is your appreciation.
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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously [#permalink]
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Mechmeera wrote:
GMATinsight wrote:
Mechmeera wrote:
If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability of getting at
least one pair?
\((A) \frac{1}{6}\\
(B) \frac{5}{18}\\
(C)\frac{1}{2}\\
(D) \frac{2}{3}\\
(E) \frac{13}{18}\)

One way to solve it is by considering the opposite - That on throwing the dice 4 times, you never get a pair.

In this case, the probability of what happens on the first throw does not matter. But the probability of getting a different number on the second, third and fourth throw are \(\frac{5}{6}, \frac{4}{6} and \frac{3}{6}\) respectively.

So on multiplying we get \(\frac{6}{6}*\frac{5}{6}*\frac{4}{6}*\frac{3}{6} = \frac{5}{18}\)

On subtracting it from 1, we get \(1-(\frac{5}{18}) = \frac{13}{18}\)

Therefore E. \(\frac{13}{18}\) is the correct answer

But, I wonder, Why cant we solve by the following approach?

total possible outcomes for dice 6*6*6*6 or \(6^4\)
considering the opposite outcomes or possible pairs =\(6C4=6C2=15\)

Thus, P(at least one pair)=1-\(\frac{15}{6^4}\)



Hi Mechmeera,

You must Understand that the method of calculating total Outcomes = \(6^4\) includes arrangements of those outcomes on 4 dice

But \(6C4=6C2=15\) does NOT include arrangements of outcomes on 4 dice

Arrangement of 4 different outcomes (calculated by 6C4) on 4 dice can be calculated by = 4*3*2*1 = 4!

so favorable outcomes in this case should be calculated as = \(6C4 * 4!=15 * 24 = 360\)

Probability = Favorable Outcomes / Total Coutcomes

OR Probability = 1- (Unfavorable Outocmes / Total Outcomes

i.e. Probability = \(1- (360/6^4)\) = \(1- 5/18 = 13/18\)

I hope it clears your doubt! :)


Thank you very much for clearing out the confusion GMATinsight


The tradition of extending "Thank" on GMAT CLUB is pressing the +1KUDOS button :wink: :P

Cheer!
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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
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Nevernevergiveup wrote:
If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability of getting at least one pair?

(A) 1/6
(B) 5/18
(C) 1/2
(D) 2/3
(E) 13/18


We want P(get at least 1 pair)
When it comes to probability questions involving "at least," it's typically best to use the complement.

That is, P(Event A happening) = 1 - P(Event A not happening)

So, here we get: P(getting at least 1 pair) = 1 - P(not getting at least 1 pair)
What does it mean to not get at least 1 pair? It means getting zero pairs.
So, we can write: P(getting at least 1 pair) = 1 - P(getting zero pairs)

P(getting zero pairs)
P(getting zero pairs)= P(ANY value on 1st die AND different value on 2nd die AND different value on 3rd die AND different value on 4th die)
= P(ANY value on 1st die) x P(different value on 2nd die) x P(different value on 3rd die) x P(different value on 4th die)
= 1 x 5/6 x 4/6 x 3/6
= 5/18


So, P(getting at least 1 pair) = 1 - 5/18
= 13/18

Answer: E

Cheers,
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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
GMATinsight wrote:
Mechmeera wrote:
If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability of getting at
least one pair?
\((A) \frac{1}{6}\\
(B) \frac{5}{18}\\
(C)\frac{1}{2}\\
(D) \frac{2}{3}\\
(E) \frac{13}{18}\)

One way to solve it is by considering the opposite - That on throwing the dice 4 times, you never get a pair.

In this case, the probability of what happens on the first throw does not matter. But the probability of getting a different number on the second, third and fourth throw are \(\frac{5}{6}, \frac{4}{6} and \frac{3}{6}\) respectively.

So on multiplying we get \(\frac{6}{6}*\frac{5}{6}*\frac{4}{6}*\frac{3}{6} = \frac{5}{18}\)

On subtracting it from 1, we get \(1-(\frac{5}{18}) = \frac{13}{18}\)

Therefore E. \(\frac{13}{18}\) is the correct answer

But, I wonder, Why cant we solve by the following approach?

total possible outcomes for dice 6*6*6*6 or \(6^4\)
considering the opposite outcomes or possible pairs =\(6C4=6C2=15\)

Thus, P(at least one pair)=1-\(\frac{15}{6^4}\)



Hi Mechmeera,

You must Understand that the method of calculating total Outcomes = \(6^4\) includes arrangements of those outcomes on 4 dice

But \(6C4=6C2=15\) does NOT include arrangements of outcomes on 4 dice

Arrangement of 4 different outcomes (calculated by 6C4) on 4 dice can be calculated by = 4*3*2*1 = 4!

so favorable outcomes in this case should be calculated as = \(6C4 * 4!=15 * 24 = 360\)

Probability = Favorable Outcomes / Total Coutcomes

OR Probability = 1- (Unfavorable Outocmes / Total Outcomes

i.e. Probability = \(1- (360/6^4)\) = \(1- 5/18 = 13/18\)

I hope it clears your doubt! :)


Thank you very much for clearing out the confusion GMATinsight
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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
Proba (at least one pair) = 1 - Proba (no pair)

Proba (no pair) = \(\frac{6}{6}*\frac{5}{6}*\frac{4}{6}*\frac{3}{6} = \frac{10}{36}\)

So, Proba (at least one pair) = 1 - Proba (no pair) = \(1 - \frac{10}{36} = \frac{26}{36} = \frac{13}{18}\)
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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
EMPOWERgmatRichC wrote:
Hi Mechmeera,

In these types of probability questions, it's often easier to calculate what we DON'T WANT to have happen. We can then subtract that fraction from 1 to get the probability of what we DO want to have happen.

Here, we're going to throw 4 (6-sided) dice. We're asked for the probability of throwing AT LEAST one pair of matching numbers.

Since it's actually easier to calculate how to throw 0 pairs of matching numbers (and then subtract that fraction from 1), I'll approach the question that way...

1st roll = any number = 6/6
2nd roll = not a match to the first = 5/6
3rd roll = not a match to the 1st or 2nd = 4/6
4th roll = not a match to the 1st or 2nd or 3rd = 3/6

(6/6)(5/6)(4/6)(3/6) =
(1)(5/6)(2/3)(1/2) =
10/36

10/36 is the probability of rolling 0 matching numbers, so...

1 - 10/36 = 26/36 = the probability of rolling at least one matching pair of numbers

26/36 = 13/18

Final Answer:

GMAT assassins aren't born, they're made,
Rich



Hi Richard,

Im still confused on how the 3 iteration yields a probability of (4/6) should it not be (5/6) and the 4th iteration yield another (5/6)

Best Regards,
Nik
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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
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Hi Nik,

When you roll multiple dice, as you roll each die, you have to consider how the result will impact the overall calculation. In my explanation, I'm calculating the probability that NONE of the dice will match one another.

The first die can be ANY of the 6 values. Once we've rolled that first die though, there are only 5 possibilities that don't match, so the probability is 5/6. Assuming that the second die does not match the first, we have two numbers that we're trying to 'avoid.' The third die would then have just 4 possibilities that don't match, so the probability is 4/6. Again, assuming that the third die does not match either of the first two, then we have three numbers to 'avoid.' With the 4th die, we only have 3 possibilities that don't match, so the probability is 3/6.

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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
The required probability is 1-probability of no pair.

Probability of no pair is (6c4*4!/6*6*6*6). 6c4 -> selecting 4 out of 6 , multiply by 4! because we have four distinct dice. Divided by 6*6*6*6 -> 6 outcomes for 4 dice.

1-the required probability comes out to 13/18.
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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
Guys what am I missing. There are following ways:

exactly 2 dice probability: 1/6*5/6*4/6*3! to arrange these in 3! ways,
exactly 3 dice probability: 1/6*1*6*4/6*3 since 4/6 can be arranged in 3C1=3 ways.
exacyly 4 dice probability: 1/6*1/6*1/6

sum of these = 7/12 ?

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Re: If four fair dice are thrown simultaneously, what is the probability [#permalink]
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Given that four fair dice are thrown simultaneously and We need to find what is the probability of getting at least one pair?

As we are rolling four dice => Number of cases = \(6^4\)

P(Getting at least one Pair) = 1- P(Getting no Pair)

P(Getting no Pair)

Now we have 4 places (one for each roll)

In the first roll we can get any of the 6 numbers => 6 ways
In the second roll we can get any number apart from the one we got in the first roll => 5 ways
In the third roll we can get any number apart from the one's we got in the first and second rolls => 4 ways
In the fourth roll we can get any number apart from the one's we got in the first three rolls => 3 ways

=> Total number of ways = 6*5*4*3 ways

=> P(Getting no Pair) = \(\frac{6*5*4*3}{6^4}\) = \(\frac{5}{18}\)

=> P(Getting at least one Pair) = 1- P(Getting no Pair) = 1 - \(\frac{5}{18}\) = \(\frac{18 - 5}{18}\) = \(\frac{13}{18}\)

So, Answer will be E
Hope it helps!

Watch the following video to learn How to Solve Dice Rolling Probability Problems

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