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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Family Business Updates: February 20, 2020
Hindujas, Cerberus will partner to bid for Yes Bank stake –https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hindujas-cerberus-will-partner-to-bid-for-yes-bank-stake-11582192899659.html

Hero MotoCorp to invest ₹10,000 crore over next 5 to 7 years –https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hero-motocorp-to-invest-rs10000-crore-over-the-next-five-seven-years/article30849594.ece

JSW Energy to acquire 100% stake in GMR Kamalanga Energy for Rs 5,321 crore –https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/jsw-energy-acquire-100-stake-gmr-kamalanga-energy-rs-5321-crore/story/396353.html

Mukesh Ambani’s RIL to consolidate media and distribution business-https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/mukesh-ambani-to-unveil-mega-media-restructuring-all-cos-to-get-merged-into-network-18/articleshow/74180002.cms

He was my greatest mentor: Ratan Tata speaks about JRD Tata-https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/he-was-my-greatest-mentor-ratan-tata-speaks-about-jrd-tata/article30867228.ece
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: Family Business Updates: February 28, 2020
Muthoot Finance raises $550 mn at 4.4% from international bond markets – https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/muthoot-finance-raises-550-mn-at-4-4-from-international-bond-markets-120022100816_1.html

Indian Hotels to scale up F&B biz, plans to bring in new brands- https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indian-hotels-to-scale-up-f-b-biz-plans-to-bring-in-new-brands-11582555464006.html

Aditya Birla Capital gets Rs 1,000 cr foreign investment from Jomei-https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/aditya-birla-capital-gets-rs-1000-cr-foreign-investment-from-jomei/articleshow/74286434.cms

Tech Mahindra to acquire Zen3 Infosolutions for Rs 460 crore in all-cash deal

https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/tech-mahindra-to-acquire-zen3-infosolutions-for-rs-460-crore-in-all-cash-deal/story/396807.html

Mukesh Ambani sees online gaming as next big thing in India

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mukesh-ambani-sees-online-gaming-as-next-big-thing-in-india/articleshow/74288946.cms?from=mdr

Faultless succession plan key to survival of family businesses –

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/faultless-succession-plan-key-to-survival-of-family-businesses/articleshow/74363590.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Family Business Updates: February 28, 2020
Muthoot Finance raises $550 mn at 4.4% from international bond markets – https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/muthoot-finance-raises-550-mn-at-4-4-from-international-bond-markets-120022100816_1.html

Indian Hotels to scale up F&B biz, plans to bring in new brands- https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/indian-hotels-to-scale-up-f-b-biz-plans-to-bring-in-new-brands-11582555464006.html

Aditya Birla Capital gets Rs 1,000 cr foreign investment from Jomei-https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/aditya-birla-capital-gets-rs-1000-cr-foreign-investment-from-jomei/articleshow/74286434.cms

Tech Mahindra to acquire Zen3 Infosolutions for Rs 460 crore in all-cash deal

https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/tech-mahindra-to-acquire-zen3-infosolutions-for-rs-460-crore-in-all-cash-deal/story/396807.html

Mukesh Ambani sees online gaming as next big thing in India

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/mukesh-ambani-sees-online-gaming-as-next-big-thing-in-india/articleshow/74288946.cms?from=mdr

Faultless succession plan key to survival of family businesses –

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/faultless-succession-plan-key-to-survival-of-family-businesses/articleshow/74363590.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: Family Business Updates: March 06, 2020
Reliance Retail acquires Shri Kannan Departmental Store for Rs 152.5 cr –https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-shri-kannan-departmental-store-for-rs-152-5-cr-120030500276_1.html

Tata Coffee launches e-commerce platform-  https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tata-coffee-launches-e-commerce-platform/articleshow/74472594.cms?from=mdr

 

Sterlite Power’s Lakadia Vadodara Transmission Project secures funds worth Rs 2,024 crore-

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sterlite-powers-lakadia-vadodara-transmission-project-secures-funds-worth-rs-2024-crore/article30980766.ece#

Allcargo Logistics to launch open offer for buying 26% stake in Gati- https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/allcargo-gets-sebi-nod-to-launch-open-offer-for-stakebuy-in-gati-11583329580434.html

 

ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel completes acquisition of Bhander power unit in Hazira-https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/arcelormittal-nippon-steel-completes-acquisition-of-bhander-power-unit-in-hazira/articleshow/74456794.cms
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Family Business Updates: March 06, 2020
Reliance Retail acquires Shri Kannan Departmental Store for Rs 152.5 cr –https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-shri-kannan-departmental-store-for-rs-152-5-cr-120030500276_1.html

Tata Coffee launches e-commerce platform-  https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tata-coffee-launches-e-commerce-platform/articleshow/74472594.cms?from=mdr

 

Sterlite Power’s Lakadia Vadodara Transmission Project secures funds worth Rs 2,024 crore-

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sterlite-powers-lakadia-vadodara-transmission-project-secures-funds-worth-rs-2024-crore/article30980766.ece#

Allcargo Logistics to launch open offer for buying 26% stake in Gati- https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/allcargo-gets-sebi-nod-to-launch-open-offer-for-stakebuy-in-gati-11583329580434.html

 

ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel completes acquisition of Bhander power unit in Hazira-https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/arcelormittal-nippon-steel-completes-acquisition-of-bhander-power-unit-in-hazira/articleshow/74456794.cms
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: Family Business Updates: March 13, 2020
Reliance Retail acquires Shri Kannan Departmental Store for Rs 152.5 cr

https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-shri-kannan-departmental-store-for-rs-152-5-cr-120030500276_1.html

Tata Coffee launches e-commerce platform

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tata-coffee-launches-e-commerce-platform/articleshow/74472594.cms?from=mdr

Sterlite Power’s Lakadia Vadodara Transmission Project secures funds worth Rs 2,024 crore

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sterlite-powers-lakadia-vadodara-transmission-project-secures-funds-worth-rs-2024-crore/article30980766.ece#

Allcargo Logistics to launch open offer for buying 26% stake in Gati

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/allcargo-gets-sebi-nod-to-launch-open-offer-for-stakebuy-in-gati-11583329580434.html

ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel completes acquisition of Bhander power unit in Hazira

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/arcelormittal-nippon-steel-completes-acquisition-of-bhander-power-unit-in-hazira/articleshow/74456794.cms
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Family Business Updates: March 13, 2020
Reliance Retail acquires Shri Kannan Departmental Store for Rs 152.5 cr

https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/reliance-retail-acquires-shri-kannan-departmental-store-for-rs-152-5-cr-120030500276_1.html

Tata Coffee launches e-commerce platform

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/tata-coffee-launches-e-commerce-platform/articleshow/74472594.cms?from=mdr

Sterlite Power’s Lakadia Vadodara Transmission Project secures funds worth Rs 2,024 crore

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/sterlite-powers-lakadia-vadodara-transmission-project-secures-funds-worth-rs-2024-crore/article30980766.ece#

Allcargo Logistics to launch open offer for buying 26% stake in Gati

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/allcargo-gets-sebi-nod-to-launch-open-offer-for-stakebuy-in-gati-11583329580434.html

ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel completes acquisition of Bhander power unit in Hazira

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/arcelormittal-nippon-steel-completes-acquisition-of-bhander-power-unit-in-hazira/articleshow/74456794.cms
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: Family Business Updates: March 20, 2020
Tata Power expands rooftop solar service to 90 cities 

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-power-expands-rooftop-solar-service-to-90-cities/article31106624.ece

Godrej Properties has a strong launch pipeline: MD, Mohit Malhotra

https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/we-have-a-strong-launch-pipeline-godrej-properties-md-mohit-malhotra-120031701616_1.html

Bajaj Auto board approves reappointment of Rajiv Bajaj as MD, CEO

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bajaj-auto-board-approves-reappointment-of-rajiv-bajaj-as-md-ceo-11584511061480.html

Gateway Partners to pick up minority stake in TVS Supply Chain for $100 million

https://www.financialexpress.com/market/gateway-partners-to-pick-up-minority-stake-in-tvs-supply-chain-for-100-million/1899876/

Emami promoters to buyback shares, raise stake to 58 percent

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/emami-buyback-size-likely-to-be-rs-900-1000-crore/articleshow/74679283.cms
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Family Business Updates: March 20, 2020
Tata Power expands rooftop solar service to 90 cities 

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/tata-power-expands-rooftop-solar-service-to-90-cities/article31106624.ece

Godrej Properties has a strong launch pipeline: MD, Mohit Malhotra

https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/we-have-a-strong-launch-pipeline-godrej-properties-md-mohit-malhotra-120031701616_1.html

Bajaj Auto board approves reappointment of Rajiv Bajaj as MD, CEO

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/bajaj-auto-board-approves-reappointment-of-rajiv-bajaj-as-md-ceo-11584511061480.html

Gateway Partners to pick up minority stake in TVS Supply Chain for $100 million

https://www.financialexpress.com/market/gateway-partners-to-pick-up-minority-stake-in-tvs-supply-chain-for-100-million/1899876/

Emami promoters to buyback shares, raise stake to 58 percent

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/emami-buyback-size-likely-to-be-rs-900-1000-crore/articleshow/74679283.cms
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: Indian Family Businesses on the Frontline of the Fight against Coronavirus: March 27, 2020
Several Indian Family Businesses are on the Frontline of the Fight against the Coronavirus:

Pharma Giant Cipla and CSIR-IICT to Join Hands to Create Anti-coronavirus Drugs

https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-pharma-giant-cipla-and-csir-iict-to-join-hands-to-create-anti-coronavirus-drugs-2546325.html

Mahindra Group to use manufacturing facilities to make ventilators

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mahindra-to-use-manufacturing-facilities-to-make-ventilators/article31136084.ece

Reliance Industries sets up a 100-bed centre for COVID-19, donates 5 crore rupees to Maharashtra CM relief fund

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/coronavirus-ril-donates-rs-5-crore-to-maharashtra-cm-relief-fund-11584964504963.html

Godrej Consumer Products, Dabur and other FMCG companies increase production of hygiene products

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/fmcg-companies-ramp-up-manufacturing-and-distribution-to-meet-demand-for-hygiene-products/article30982354.ece#

Radico Khaitan to manufacture hand sanitizer

https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/radico-khaitan-to-manufacture-hand-sanitizer-120032301718_1.html
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Indian Family Businesses on the Frontline of the Fight against Coronavirus: March 27, 2020
Several Indian Family Businesses are on the Frontline of the Fight against the Coronavirus:

Pharma Giant Cipla and CSIR-IICT to Join Hands to Create Anti-coronavirus Drugs

https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-pharma-giant-cipla-and-csir-iict-to-join-hands-to-create-anti-coronavirus-drugs-2546325.html

Mahindra Group to use manufacturing facilities to make ventilators

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/mahindra-to-use-manufacturing-facilities-to-make-ventilators/article31136084.ece

Reliance Industries sets up a 100-bed centre for COVID-19, donates 5 crore rupees to Maharashtra CM relief fund

https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/coronavirus-ril-donates-rs-5-crore-to-maharashtra-cm-relief-fund-11584964504963.html

Godrej Consumer Products, Dabur and other FMCG companies increase production of hygiene products

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/fmcg-companies-ramp-up-manufacturing-and-distribution-to-meet-demand-for-hygiene-products/article30982354.ece#

Radico Khaitan to manufacture hand sanitizer

https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/radico-khaitan-to-manufacture-hand-sanitizer-120032301718_1.html
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: Light at the End of the Corona Tunnel


On top of everyone’s mind is when will the COVID-19 nightmare end? Based on the modelling done by Rajesh Singh and B. Adhikari, illustrated in the figure above, which is making waves in the governmental and corporate circles in the country, there seems to be light at the end of the tunnel. Of course, hopefully we humans will come out of this experience chastised.

What are these scenarios presented in the article by Rajesh Singh and B. Adhikari?

The Prime Minister of India has taken an incredibly bold step to lock down the country. He did this in two stages: the first was a one-day ‘dress rehearsal’ titled ‘Janata Curfew’ on Sunday, March 22, 2020. Given the gravity of COVID-19, none of us were naïve to believe that this day lockout would be full and final, and the saga would end with that day of voluntary confinement, interspaced with five minutes of applauding the COVID-19 warriors who were battling it out on the front lines. It was merely ‘testing the waters’ and preparing the nation for a prolonged lockdown.

Sure enough, two days later, starting from the midnight of March 24, 2020, the country had to brace down for a total lockdown. The Prime Minister was at his communicative best during the 8 pm national live broadcast on March 24, hours before the lockdown, appealing to people as an elder in their respective families. He mentioned that this would be much harsher and more long-drawn than the trailer that preceded it. The short duration to enforcement (just four hours) was to ensure that people do not indulge in hoarding. He tried to assuage the blow by stating that essential commodities and services would continue. He also announced a war chest of Rs. 15,000 cr. to bolster the health system in the country to deal with this unprecedented crisis. This was followed quickly a few days later by an announcement of Rs. 1.7 lakh crores bail-out package by the Finance Minister. The perhaps unanticipated consequence was massive re-migration to native villages and towns by migrant workers, with ensuing heart-rending saga of sufferings. The Prime Minister addressed this in his monthly Mann ki baat, apologising to those who may be angry with the lockdown, but stating that it was inevitable. To arrest further mass re-migration, the government has advised all states to stop the migrations. How successful they will be in this endeavour, only time will tell. While these appear to be knee-jerk reactions to the evolving scenarios, it is to be expected, as there is no collective memory in the country on how to deal with these ‘maha maaris’ that the Prime Minister repeatedly referred to in his March 24 address to the nation.

What all of us are concerned with is whether this nightmare will ever end. This is where the research by Rajesh Singh and B. Adhikari, both from acclaimed institutions, gives us hope for better days. The figures above are self-explanatory. At the expense of redundancy, a quick interpretation of those figures: A 21-day lockout will not serve any purpose; the epidemic will rear its ugly head after 21 days, with vengeance [Figure (a)]. In panic, the natural reaction while seeing the upswing after 21 days, is to reintroduce another lockdown, albeit longer (28 days), with five days of intervening respite [Figure (b)] with ditto results at the end. Figure (c) takes us closer to the end goal of eradication, with an 18-day clampdown after a five day hiatus. However, the suffering will have to be endured till June 10, 2020, with total lockdown being 21+28+18 = 67 days, and 10 days respite in-between. The final alternative is to bite the bullet and go for total eradication in one painful burst of 49 days lockdown [Figure (d)]. Knowing the propensity of the federal government and their propensity to find total, yet bitter solutions rather than populist measures, we can expect the (d) scenario to play out. So ,friends, hold your horses! The end is in sight. Let’s continue to be optimistic and use the time to rejuvenate and redirect our lives to loftier heights.

Post No. 1, D.V.R. Seshadri, March 28, 2020
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Light at the End of the Corona Tunnel


On top of everyone’s mind is when will the COVID-19 nightmare end? Based on the modelling done by Rajesh Singh and B. Adhikari, illustrated in the figure above, which is making waves in the governmental and corporate circles in the country, there seems to be light at the end of the tunnel. Of course, hopefully we humans will come out of this experience chastised.

What are these scenarios presented in the article by Rajesh Singh and B. Adhikari?

The Prime Minister of India has taken an incredibly bold step to lock down the country. He did this in two stages: the first was a one-day ‘dress rehearsal’ titled ‘Janata Curfew’ on Sunday, March 22, 2020. Given the gravity of COVID-19, none of us were naïve to believe that this day lockout would be full and final, and the saga would end with that day of voluntary confinement, interspaced with five minutes of applauding the COVID-19 warriors who were battling it out on the front lines. It was merely ‘testing the waters’ and preparing the nation for a prolonged lockdown.

Sure enough, two days later, starting from the midnight of March 24, 2020, the country had to brace down for a total lockdown. The Prime Minister was at his communicative best during the 8 pm national live broadcast on March 24, hours before the lockdown, appealing to people as an elder in their respective families. He mentioned that this would be much harsher and more long-drawn than the trailer that preceded it. The short duration to enforcement (just four hours) was to ensure that people do not indulge in hoarding. He tried to assuage the blow by stating that essential commodities and services would continue. He also announced a war chest of Rs. 15,000 cr. to bolster the health system in the country to deal with this unprecedented crisis. This was followed quickly a few days later by an announcement of Rs. 1.7 lakh crores bail-out package by the Finance Minister. The perhaps unanticipated consequence was massive re-migration to native villages and towns by migrant workers, with ensuing heart-rending saga of sufferings. The Prime Minister addressed this in his monthly Mann ki baat, apologising to those who may be angry with the lockdown, but stating that it was inevitable. To arrest further mass re-migration, the government has advised all states to stop the migrations. How successful they will be in this endeavour, only time will tell. While these appear to be knee-jerk reactions to the evolving scenarios, it is to be expected, as there is no collective memory in the country on how to deal with these ‘maha maaris’ that the Prime Minister repeatedly referred to in his March 24 address to the nation.

What all of us are concerned with is whether this nightmare will ever end. This is where the research by Rajesh Singh and B. Adhikari, both from acclaimed institutions, gives us hope for better days. The figures above are self-explanatory. At the expense of redundancy, a quick interpretation of those figures: A 21-day lockout will not serve any purpose; the epidemic will rear its ugly head after 21 days, with vengeance [Figure (a)]. In panic, the natural reaction while seeing the upswing after 21 days, is to reintroduce another lockdown, albeit longer (28 days), with five days of intervening respite [Figure (b)] with ditto results at the end. Figure (c) takes us closer to the end goal of eradication, with an 18-day clampdown after a five day hiatus. However, the suffering will have to be endured till June 10, 2020, with total lockdown being 21+28+18 = 67 days, and 10 days respite in-between. The final alternative is to bite the bullet and go for total eradication in one painful burst of 49 days lockdown [Figure (d)]. Knowing the propensity of the federal government and their propensity to find total, yet bitter solutions rather than populist measures, we can expect the (d) scenario to play out. So ,friends, hold your horses! The end is in sight. Let’s continue to be optimistic and use the time to rejuvenate and redirect our lives to loftier heights.

Post No. 1, D.V.R. Seshadri, March 28, 2020
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: WOMEN IN TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
The early pioneers of technology and innovation were woman who, for the most part of  history, were unheralded. Marie Curie, Ada Lovelace, Grace Hopper, Anita Borg, among many others, have worked on groundbreaking inventions and computations in the field of nuclear physics, human-computer interaction, astronomical crunching, programming language compilations, etc. Only now these contributions are being recognised and rightly attributed. It is fair to say that woman participation, by and large, is being encouraged and supported: with organisations taking conscious efforts for inclusion, with measures undertaken to address issues of pay parity, woman’s return to work, education for girls, etc. But this improvement is rather trivial. The tech community largely reeks of gender- (and minority) based inequalities in terms of opportunities and pay. The proportion of female executives considerably dwindles along the hierarchical ladder, and even more so in the STEM community. Gender inequality in technology and innovation is a stigma that calls for immediate action.

Ongoing research at the Srini Raju Centre for IT and Networked Economy examines the biases against woman in technological innovation. The research was primarily motivated by the need to discern the under-representation of minorities, specifically, woman in patenting. The results highlight the presence of significant gender-based bias[1] in obtaining patents.[2]We create a measure of novelty in patent application and discuss the consequences of producing different technology for female over male inventors. Uniqueness or novelty of a patent application is calculated as its inverse similarity to those filed in the previous year in the same technological class. We observe that higher dissimilarity is rewarded with a higher rate of acceptance, higher maintainability, more citations, etc. Contrariwise, dissimilar patents with a high proportion of female inventors do not see equivalent acceptance.

Our findings show that woman inventors face higher penalties – lower rates of patent acceptances, more days to grants, higher efforts for maintenance – for novelty. These costs hold true for patent applications in varied scenarios, such as:

  • Technological classes like “Computers and Communications”
  • Single woman inventors
  • All female inventors
  • Women in large organisations
  • Woman-dominant patent applications (proportion of female inventors is above 50 percent)
Below visualisations were developed from the data developed at SRITNE and I attempt to visualise the findings.

Figure 1 illustrates the average number of male and female inventors for patent applications over years from 2002 to 2014. A significant increase in the number of inventors is observed, while the number of female inventors is constant. It is important to highlight the gap in patenting by women and men.



Figure 1: Average number of inventors by gender over time

Figure 2 represents the average proportion of female inventors by year for different patent technological categories: Chemical, Food, Electrical & Electronic, Textiles, Mechanical, Others, Computers & Communications and Drugs & Medical, as defined by NBER.



Figure 2: Number of applications filed vs Number of Patent Issued by all

Figure 3 shown below illustrates the probability patent acceptances for different team sizes as the proportion of female inventors for the given team increases. We see a reduction in the rate of patent issued as the proportion of female on an application increases.



Figure 3: Probability of patent being issued for different team sizes, with number of inventors = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Figure 4 below shows the average total citations received by applications for different team sizes as the proportion of female inventors for the given team increases. We see a reduction in the total citations as the proportion of female on an application increases.



Figure 4 demonstrates the total citations received by patents for different team sizes with increasing female proportion.

Clearly there are biases against woman in technological innovation. These results have been supported by multiple gender-based studies. A lot of research has reiterated that women at an organisation’s innovation frontier can lead to improved business performance. Thus, their under-representation and lack of opportunities in the workforce subsumes a prejudice rooted in the society. Women, single handedly, have come a long way from disenfranchisement to multiple waves of feminism. It is only right that the entire community wholly devotes itself to creating a gender-equal workforce.

1Gender identification has been done using the API provide by https://genderize.io

2Only patents filed and granted at the United States Patent Office (USPTO) have been used for the study

 

About the Author:

Bhoomi Thakkar is a Research Associate at SRITNE.

Follow us on twitter: #ISBSRITNE

Follow us on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/sritne
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: WOMEN IN TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
The early pioneers of technology and innovation were woman who, for the most part of  history, were unheralded. Marie Curie, Ada Lovelace, Grace Hopper, Anita Borg, among many others, have worked on groundbreaking inventions and computations in the field of nuclear physics, human-computer interaction, astronomical crunching, programming language compilations, etc. Only now these contributions are being recognised and rightly attributed. It is fair to say that woman participation, by and large, is being encouraged and supported: with organisations taking conscious efforts for inclusion, with measures undertaken to address issues of pay parity, woman’s return to work, education for girls, etc. But this improvement is rather trivial. The tech community largely reeks of gender- (and minority) based inequalities in terms of opportunities and pay. The proportion of female executives considerably dwindles along the hierarchical ladder, and even more so in the STEM community. Gender inequality in technology and innovation is a stigma that calls for immediate action.

Ongoing research at the Srini Raju Centre for IT and Networked Economy examines the biases against woman in technological innovation. The research was primarily motivated by the need to discern the under-representation of minorities, specifically, woman in patenting. The results highlight the presence of significant gender-based bias[1] in obtaining patents.[2]We create a measure of novelty in patent application and discuss the consequences of producing different technology for female over male inventors. Uniqueness or novelty of a patent application is calculated as its inverse similarity to those filed in the previous year in the same technological class. We observe that higher dissimilarity is rewarded with a higher rate of acceptance, higher maintainability, more citations, etc. Contrariwise, dissimilar patents with a high proportion of female inventors do not see equivalent acceptance.

Our findings show that woman inventors face higher penalties – lower rates of patent acceptances, more days to grants, higher efforts for maintenance – for novelty. These costs hold true for patent applications in varied scenarios, such as:

  • Technological classes like “Computers and Communications”
  • Single woman inventors
  • All female inventors
  • Women in large organisations
  • Woman-dominant patent applications (proportion of female inventors is above 50 percent)
Below visualisations were developed from the data developed at SRITNE and I attempt to visualise the findings.

Figure 1 illustrates the average number of male and female inventors for patent applications over years from 2002 to 2014. A significant increase in the number of inventors is observed, while the number of female inventors is constant. It is important to highlight the gap in patenting by women and men.



Figure 1: Average number of inventors by gender over time

Figure 2 represents the average proportion of female inventors by year for different patent technological categories: Chemical, Food, Electrical & Electronic, Textiles, Mechanical, Others, Computers & Communications and Drugs & Medical, as defined by NBER.



Figure 2: Number of applications filed vs Number of Patent Issued by all

Figure 3 shown below illustrates the probability patent acceptances for different team sizes as the proportion of female inventors for the given team increases. We see a reduction in the rate of patent issued as the proportion of female on an application increases.



Figure 3: Probability of patent being issued for different team sizes, with number of inventors = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Figure 4 below shows the average total citations received by applications for different team sizes as the proportion of female inventors for the given team increases. We see a reduction in the total citations as the proportion of female on an application increases.



Figure 4 demonstrates the total citations received by patents for different team sizes with increasing female proportion.

Clearly there are biases against woman in technological innovation. These results have been supported by multiple gender-based studies. A lot of research has reiterated that women at an organisation’s innovation frontier can lead to improved business performance. Thus, their under-representation and lack of opportunities in the workforce subsumes a prejudice rooted in the society. Women, single handedly, have come a long way from disenfranchisement to multiple waves of feminism. It is only right that the entire community wholly devotes itself to creating a gender-equal workforce.

1Gender identification has been done using the API provide by https://genderize.io

2Only patents filed and granted at the United States Patent Office (USPTO) have been used for the study

 

About the Author:

Bhoomi Thakkar is a Research Associate at SRITNE.

Follow us on twitter: #ISBSRITNE

Follow us on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/sritne
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FROM ISB Admissions Blog: Family Business Updates: April 04, 2020
Tata Sons pledges Rs 1000 crore in fight against Covid-19 – https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/tata-sons-pledges-rs-1000-crore-in-fight-against-covid-19/74865247

Apparels manufacturer Arvind Mills to make PPEs for medical workers –https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/coronavirus-impact-apparels-manufacturer-arvind-mills-to-make-ppes-for-medical-workers-to-start-supply-soon/story/399509.html

Big Bazaar enters doorstep delivery service amid coronavirus lockdown –https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/big-bazaar-enters-doorstep-delivery-service-amid-coronavirus-lockdown-11585127697386.html

Anil Agarwal take board position on Vedanta Ltd for the first time –https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/anil-agarwal-board-position-on-vedanta-ltd-for-the-first-time/story/399537.html

Health scare forces work from home, but is India Inc ready? –https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/coronavirus-health-scare-forces-work-from-home-but-is-india-inc-ready-120032300027_1.html

Family businesses: Time to stand up –https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/family-businesses-time-to-stand-up-120033101878_1.html

Family Business Philanthropy in the age of the coronavirus – https://www.campdenfb.com/article/family-business-philanthropy-age-coronavirus
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FROM ISB PGP Admissions Director Blog: Family Business Updates: April 04, 2020
Tata Sons pledges Rs 1000 crore in fight against Covid-19 – https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/tata-sons-pledges-rs-1000-crore-in-fight-against-covid-19/74865247

Apparels manufacturer Arvind Mills to make PPEs for medical workers –https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/coronavirus-impact-apparels-manufacturer-arvind-mills-to-make-ppes-for-medical-workers-to-start-supply-soon/story/399509.html

Big Bazaar enters doorstep delivery service amid coronavirus lockdown –https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/big-bazaar-enters-doorstep-delivery-service-amid-coronavirus-lockdown-11585127697386.html

Anil Agarwal take board position on Vedanta Ltd for the first time –https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/anil-agarwal-board-position-on-vedanta-ltd-for-the-first-time/story/399537.html

Health scare forces work from home, but is India Inc ready? –https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/coronavirus-health-scare-forces-work-from-home-but-is-india-inc-ready-120032300027_1.html

Family businesses: Time to stand up –https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/family-businesses-time-to-stand-up-120033101878_1.html

Family Business Philanthropy in the age of the coronavirus – https://www.campdenfb.com/article/family-business-philanthropy-age-coronavirus
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