Many English adjectives, when included in questions, indicate a bias although their opposites do not; for example, questions beginning with "how close," a construction implying that whatever is under discussion is nearby, but those beginning with "how far" do not necessarily carry the implication of long distance.

A) although their opposites do not; for example, questions beginning with "how close," a construction implying that whatever is under discussion is nearby, but those beginning with "how far" do not necessarily carry the implication of long distance
Wrong.
- The usage "although" is not correct.
- "implying" is not verb ==> should be "questions....imply"

B) unlike their opposites; for example, by beginning a question with "how close," speakers imply that whatever is under discussion is nearby, but they do not necessarily imply a long distance in beginning them with "how far."
Wrong.
- Comparison "bias" and "their opposites" is wrong.
- In addition, "them" is not correct.

C) while their opposites do not; for instance, questions beginning with "how close" imply that whatever is being discussed is nearby, but those beginning with "how far" do not necessarily imply a long distance.
Correct.
- The usage of while conveys contrast meaning.
- S-V agreement in the second part is good.

D) that their opposites lack; in the case of speakers who begin questions with "how close," for instance, it is implied that whatever is under discussion is nearby, but for those who begin questions with "how far" there is no corresponding implication of long distance.
Wrong.
- "lack" changes meaning.
- "it" and "there is" in the second part are not parallel.

E) that their opposites do not; for instance, when speakers begin questions with "how close," implying that whatever is being discussed is nearby, but when they begin questions with "how far" a long distance is not necessarily implied.
Wrong.
- Structure in the second par is not parallel.

A. although their opposites do not; for example, questions beginning with "how close," a construction implying that whatever is under discussion is nearby, but those beginning with "how far" do not necessarily carry the implication of long distance --- The clause beginning with - “for example, questions beginning with and ending with discussion is nearby ” - is a fragment. It does not have a working verb;

B unlike their opposites; for example, by beginning a question with "how close," speakers imply that whatever is under discussion is nearby, but they do not necessarily imply a long distance in beginning them with "how far."--- Unlike their opposites. This is a wrong comparison, the choice compares what adjective do with their just their opposites and not what their opposites do. In addition the subordinate clause without reason shifts the focus to what speakers do rather than what adjectives do. This is a shift of intent.

C while their opposites do not; for instance, questions beginning with "how close" imply that whatever is being discussed is nearby, but those beginning with "how far" do not necessarily imply a long distance. --- proper comparison and parallelism. The right choice.

D that their opposites lack; in the case of speakers who begin questions with "how close," for instance, it is implied that whatever is under discussion is nearby, but for those who begin questions with "how far" there is no corresponding implication of long distance. --- comparing what the adjectives do with what their opposites lack; This is change of meaning. In addition the use of the preposition for those is rather unidiomatic in this context. It should be in tandem with “in the case of”

E that their opposites do not; for instance, when speakers begin questions with "how close," implying that whatever is being discussed is nearby, but when they begin questions with "how far", a long distance is not necessarily implied. --- The problem here is the use of when; Here when (in the meaning of while) denotes also contrast and a specific point. Thus, the use of ‘but’, another contrasting conjunction becomes redundant and mars the flow of the intended meaning.
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How come one can identify implying is a verb or a modifier

If implying is alone alone then its a modifier and if used along with is implying then its a verb right?

yes mostly; implying or any other verb+ ing for that matter is a verb only when preceded by an auxiliary verb such as is, was, were, etc. When expressed alone, any verb+ ing could be either a present participle or a gerund ( another kind of verbal noun, but not a verb}
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Chose C. It is the best answer for several reasons. One of them is a pronoun issue.

woah..very long question...took me over 2 minutes to get down to the answer choice...
A lacks a verb for the subject questions
same mistake makes E
in B - they is ambiguous...moreover, i don't like "unlike their opposites"...
D - nothing wrong with it...though..it is very wordy..and IT looks to be used as a placeholder...
C seems better...

Official Explanation

This sentence describes an interesting fact about English adjectives: some of them create biased questions, even though their opposites do not. The sentence must express this idea with a logical comparison. In the second clause, which provides specific examples, the two given examples should be expressed as similarly as possible in order to create an overall parallelism.

(A) The portion of the sentence following the semicolon is not a complete sentence. The first portion (questions beginning) contains a noun that could be the subject but no verb follows here or later in the sentence; a construction implying is merely a modifier, describing "how close." The second portion begins with the conjunction but, indicating that there should be two complete sentences, one before and one after the but. There is a complete sentence afterwards but not before. (For example, a correct sentence might say "she suggested going out for dinner but he was too tired." The portion before the but and the portion after the but are each complete sentences.)

(B) The phrase a bias unlike their opposites creates an illogical comparison between a bias and the opposites (as opposed to a comparison between some adjectives and their opposites). In addition, due to parallel structure, the plural pronoun them appears to refer to the singular question. (Also note that it is generally a bad idea to use the three forms they, them, and their to refer to different nouns in a single sentence. In this case, they refers to speakers while them is intended to refer to questions.)

(C) CORRECT. The first clause correctly expresses the idea that some adjectives create a bias, even though their opposites don't. The two examples after the semicolon (questions beginning with... imply... and those beginning with... do not imply) are parallel. The plural pronoun those correctly refers to the plural noun questions.

(D) The expression that their opposites lack does not accurately convey the intended meaning. The intended meaning is that the opposite adjectives have no bias at all, but this wording simply suggests that they don't have the bias that the original adjectives have (perhaps the opposites have a different bias?). The wordings in the case of speakers and For those results in an illogical meaning, suggesting that the bias or lack of bias refers to the speakers themselves rather than to the significance of their questions.

(E) The expression that their opposites do not does not accurately convey the intended meaning. The intended meaning is that the opposite adjectives have no bias at all, but this wording simply suggests that they don't have the bias that the original adjectives have (perhaps the opposites have a different bias?). The portion of the sentence following the semicolon is not a complete sentence. The first portion (when speakers begin) is a subordinate clause (because it starts with the word when). The second portion begins with the conjunction but, indicating that there should be two complete sentences, one before and one after the but. There is a complete sentence afterwards but not before. (For example, a correct sentence using when might say "when she suggested going out for dinner, he said that he was too tired." A correct sentence using but might say "she suggested going out to dinner but he was too tired.")

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