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C
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Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
51% (01:56) correct
49%
(02:12)
wrong
based on 1308
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The federal government has fined the municipality of Centreville for not enforcing federal antipollution laws, which require local industries to buy expensive new pollution-control equipment. Centreville had not enforced these laws because the municipality feared that antagonizing local industries would cause them to relocate to other municipalities.
Which of the following, if true, indicates most strongly that Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the antipollution laws?
A. Municipal sewage-treatment plants in general are ill equipped to handle industrial wastes, which contain both chemical and metal pollutants.
B. The antipollution laws require all industries to meet the same standards, regardless of the fact that compliance is far more difficult for some industries than for others.
C. The federal government consistently fines only a small fraction of the municipalities that have failed to enforce federal antipollution laws.
D. Several nearby municipalities have nonpolluting industries within their municipal boundaries.
E. For some polluting industries currently located in Centreville, the cost of relocating to another municipality would be prohibitively high because of new construction that would be required.
Which of the following, if true, indicates most strongly that Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the antipollution laws?
A. Municipal sewage-treatment plants in general are ill equipped to handle industrial wastes, which contain both chemical and metal pollutants.
B. The antipollution laws require all industries to meet the same standards, regardless of the fact that compliance is far more difficult for some industries than for others.
C. The federal government consistently fines only a small fraction of the municipalities that have failed to enforce federal antipollution laws.
D. Several nearby municipalities have nonpolluting industries within their municipal boundaries.
E. For some polluting industries currently located in Centreville, the cost of relocating to another municipality would be prohibitively high because of new construction that would be required.
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Updated on: 01 Jan 2026, 10:08
Originally posted by MartyMurray on 03 Feb 2024, 16:52.
Last edited by MartyMurray on 01 Jan 2026, 10:08, edited 1 time in total.
Last edited by MartyMurray on 01 Jan 2026, 10:08, edited 1 time in total.
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The federal government has fined the municipality of Centreville for not enforcing federal antipollution laws, which require local industries to buy expensive new pollution-control equipment. Centreville had not enforced these laws because the municipality feared that antagonizing local industries would cause them to relocate to other municipalities.
We see that the passage presents some facts about what Centreville did and why.
Which of the following, if true, indicates most strongly that Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the antipollution laws?
Reading the question stem, we see that the correct answer will support the following conclusion:
Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the antipollution laws
In other words, the correct answer will indicate that, even though the federal government has fined the municipality of Centreville for not enforcing federal antipollution laws, Centreville was reasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws.
A. Municipal sewage-treatment plants in general are ill equipped to handle industrial wastes, which contain both chemical and metal pollutants.
If anything, this choice goes the wrong way by providing a reason why Centreville should have enforced the laws.
After all, if it's true that municipal sewage-treatment plants are ill equipped to handle industrial wastes, then industries should buy their own pollution-control equipment so that they can handle wastes they produce.
Eliminate.
B. The antipollution laws require all industries to meet the same standards, regardless of the fact that compliance is far more difficult for some industries than for others.
This choice is a little tricky because it indicates that there is an issue with the laws, which is that they impact some industries more than others because some industries have more dififculty complying than others.
So, we could get the impression that Centreville was reasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws because they are unfair.
However, the passage mentions two things going on: Centreville was fined for not enforcing the laws, and Centreville did not enforce the laws because the municipality feared that antagonizing local industries would cause them to relocate to other municipalities.
So, here's the thing.
Other municipalities would be fined as well, and the laws would be just as unfair in other municipalities. So, Centreville wouldn't have to worry about industries relocating to other municipalities just because Centreville enforced unfair laws.
Eliminate.
C. The federal government consistently fines only a small fraction of the municipalities that have failed to enforce federal antipollution laws.
This choice is interesting.
If what this choice says is true, then, in general, municipalities, including Centreville, don't have to be particularly worried about being fined by the federal government for failing to enforce the laws.
So, we see that Centreville has more reason to be worried about antagonizing industries by enforcing the laws than about getting fined.
Also, we see that other municipalities are in the same situation. So, they probably won't enforce the laws.
Thus, Centreville had reason to believe that other industries would relocate to other municipalities if Centreville enforced the laws because Centreville had reason to believe that other municipalities would not enforce the laws.
Thus, given what this choice says, for the above reasons, we could argue that Centreville made a reasonable choice, or took a reasonable risk, in deciding not to enforce the laws.
So, this choice indicates that Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws.
Keep.
D. Several nearby municipalities have nonpolluting industries within their municipal boundaries.
This choice has no effect on the conclusion that Centreville was not unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws.
After all, the fact that other municipaliities have nonpolluting industries doesn't mean that Centreville shouldn't enforce laws that require industries located in Centreville to buy pollution-control equipment. After all, that information doesn't mean that Centreville should have risked having to pay a fine or that Centreville should be concerned that polluting industries in Centerville will leave if antagonized.
Eliminate.
E. For some polluting industries currently located in Centreville, the cost of relocating to another municipality would be prohibitively high because of new construction that would be required.
This choice goes in the wrong direction.
After all, if twhat this choice says is true, then Centreville's concern that, if it enforced the laws, industries would relocate to other municipalities is baseless. After all, if "the cost of relocating to another municipality would be prohibitively high," then industries are almost certain not to relocate.
Thus, this choice shows that Centreville's deciding not to enforce the laws was unreasonable rather than reasonable.
Eliminate.
Correct answer:
We see that the passage presents some facts about what Centreville did and why.
Which of the following, if true, indicates most strongly that Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the antipollution laws?
Reading the question stem, we see that the correct answer will support the following conclusion:
Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the antipollution laws
In other words, the correct answer will indicate that, even though the federal government has fined the municipality of Centreville for not enforcing federal antipollution laws, Centreville was reasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws.
A. Municipal sewage-treatment plants in general are ill equipped to handle industrial wastes, which contain both chemical and metal pollutants.
If anything, this choice goes the wrong way by providing a reason why Centreville should have enforced the laws.
After all, if it's true that municipal sewage-treatment plants are ill equipped to handle industrial wastes, then industries should buy their own pollution-control equipment so that they can handle wastes they produce.
Eliminate.
B. The antipollution laws require all industries to meet the same standards, regardless of the fact that compliance is far more difficult for some industries than for others.
This choice is a little tricky because it indicates that there is an issue with the laws, which is that they impact some industries more than others because some industries have more dififculty complying than others.
So, we could get the impression that Centreville was reasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws because they are unfair.
However, the passage mentions two things going on: Centreville was fined for not enforcing the laws, and Centreville did not enforce the laws because the municipality feared that antagonizing local industries would cause them to relocate to other municipalities.
So, here's the thing.
Other municipalities would be fined as well, and the laws would be just as unfair in other municipalities. So, Centreville wouldn't have to worry about industries relocating to other municipalities just because Centreville enforced unfair laws.
Eliminate.
C. The federal government consistently fines only a small fraction of the municipalities that have failed to enforce federal antipollution laws.
This choice is interesting.
If what this choice says is true, then, in general, municipalities, including Centreville, don't have to be particularly worried about being fined by the federal government for failing to enforce the laws.
So, we see that Centreville has more reason to be worried about antagonizing industries by enforcing the laws than about getting fined.
Also, we see that other municipalities are in the same situation. So, they probably won't enforce the laws.
Thus, Centreville had reason to believe that other industries would relocate to other municipalities if Centreville enforced the laws because Centreville had reason to believe that other municipalities would not enforce the laws.
Thus, given what this choice says, for the above reasons, we could argue that Centreville made a reasonable choice, or took a reasonable risk, in deciding not to enforce the laws.
So, this choice indicates that Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws.
Keep.
D. Several nearby municipalities have nonpolluting industries within their municipal boundaries.
This choice has no effect on the conclusion that Centreville was not unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the laws.
After all, the fact that other municipaliities have nonpolluting industries doesn't mean that Centreville shouldn't enforce laws that require industries located in Centreville to buy pollution-control equipment. After all, that information doesn't mean that Centreville should have risked having to pay a fine or that Centreville should be concerned that polluting industries in Centerville will leave if antagonized.
Eliminate.
E. For some polluting industries currently located in Centreville, the cost of relocating to another municipality would be prohibitively high because of new construction that would be required.
This choice goes in the wrong direction.
After all, if twhat this choice says is true, then Centreville's concern that, if it enforced the laws, industries would relocate to other municipalities is baseless. After all, if "the cost of relocating to another municipality would be prohibitively high," then industries are almost certain not to relocate.
Thus, this choice shows that Centreville's deciding not to enforce the laws was unreasonable rather than reasonable.
Eliminate.
Correct answer:
General Discussion
10 Jun 2024, 21:03
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The option that most strongly indicates that Centreville had not been unreasonable in deciding not to enforce the antipollution laws is: C. The federal government consistently fines only a small fraction of the municipalities that have failed to enforce federal antipollution laws.
This option implies that the risk of being fined for not enforcing the laws is relatively low, suggesting that Centreville’s decision to avoid antagonizing local industries (and thus potentially prevent their relocation) while accepting the small risk of being fined was a reasonable and strategic choice. This context supports the idea that Centreville's decision was a calculated risk rather than an unreasonable action.
This option implies that the risk of being fined for not enforcing the laws is relatively low, suggesting that Centreville’s decision to avoid antagonizing local industries (and thus potentially prevent their relocation) while accepting the small risk of being fined was a reasonable and strategic choice. This context supports the idea that Centreville's decision was a calculated risk rather than an unreasonable action.
