The Shoemaker-Levy comet broke into fragments before colliding with Jupiter in 1994, but astronomers are uncertain of the fragments’ size. Analysis of the ammonia clouds of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere at the impact point showed traces of sulfur not normally present there. Since astronomers believe that the layer of clouds just below the outer atmosphere does contain sulfur, they concluded that the fragments must have been big enough to travel through the outer atmosphere before burning up.
Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the astronomers’ argument?The astronomers infer that the sulfur came from the lower cloud layer, so the fragments must have reached that layer before burning up.
The key question is whether there is another possible source of the sulfur, especially whether the comet fragments themselves could have released sulfur
without reaching the lower cloud layer.
A. Whether the ammonia clouds of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere were of at least average thickness at the point of impact
This may affect how far the fragments had to travel, but it does not test the key inference that the sulfur came from below the outer atmosphere.
B. Whether the traces of sulfur detected in 1994 in the ammonia clouds have since disappeared
This does not directly help. Whether the sulfur later disappeared does not show where it originally came from.
C. Whether comets the size of Shoemaker-Levy typically break into fragments before colliding with a planet
This is irrelevant. The passage already says this comet broke into fragments.
D. Whether comet fragments can release sulfur when they burn up
This is correct. If comet fragments can release sulfur as they burn up, then the sulfur traces do not prove that the fragments reached the sulfur-containing cloud layer. If they cannot, the astronomers’ explanation becomes stronger.
E. Whether the comet fragments would have burned up sooner if they had struck at a different angle
This does not help evaluate what actually happened. The issue is whether the observed sulfur proves that these fragments reached the lower layer.
Answer: (D)