Bunuel
The Supreme Court ruling of segregated seating on public buses being unconstitutional in November 1956, and by that time Martin Luther King Jr., heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin, entered the national spotlight as an inspirational proponent of organized, nonviolent resistance.
A. Supreme Court ruling of segregated seating on public buses being unconstitutional in November 1956, and by that time Martin Luther King Jr., heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin,
B. When the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional in November 1956, Martin Luther King Jr., heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin,
C. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional, and heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin, Martin Luther King Jr.
D. By the time in November 1956 the Supreme Court had ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional, Martin Luther King Jr., who was heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin, had
E. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional, and by that time Martin Luther King Jr., heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin, had
I guess the "The" at the beginning of the sentence is not underlined by mistake, hence updating the same here
The question intends to say that
1. in November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional
2. By this time (November 1956), Martin Luther King Jr. had entered the national spotlight as an inspirational proponent of organized, nonviolent resistance
A. The Supreme Court ruling of segregated seating on public buses being unconstitutional in November 1956, and by that time Martin Luther King Jr., heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin,"being unconstitutional" is past continuous, which does not make sense here. Alternatively, this answer choice can be ruled out as "being" is usually (but not always) incorrect on GMAT
B. When the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional in November 1956, Martin Luther King Jr., heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin,Trap - The first part of the sentence -
When the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional in November 1956- is modifying the second part. This sentence means that "the time when" the Supreme Court rules segregated seating unconstitutional, Marthin Luther King Jr. entered the national spotlight. The grammatical structure is same, but the meaning is distorted - both the activities seem to have happened concurrently
C. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional, and heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin, Martin Luther King Jr.", + and" structure indicates the presence of a list. The items on the list are:
1. the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional
2. heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin
Both do not form a logical list, hence C is ruled out
D. By the time in November 1956 the Supreme Court had ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional, Martin Luther King Jr., who was heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin, had"By the time" and "in 1956" are used together. This makes the sentence wordy and illogical
E. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional, and by that time Martin Luther King Jr., heavily influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and the activist Bayard Rustin, hadCorrect - The sentence clearly indicates the meaning -
1. In November 1956, the Supreme Court ruled segregated seating on public buses unconstitutional
2. by that time (November 1956), Martin Luther King Jr. had entered the national spotlight as an inspirational proponent of organized, nonviolent resistance
Some learnings from this question -
1. Whenever we have "By" in a sentence, we ALWAYS use past perfect tense
2. Simple past is used to specify just one activity in the past
3. Past continuous is used to specify an activity that started in the past and ended in the past
4. Past perfect is used to indicate the earlier of the two activities in the past. However, if it is quite evident from the context of the sentence which activity occurred first, we do not need to use the past perfect indicator. Eg. - "Sam brushed his teeth in the morning and then went to see the dentist" - here, we do not need "had" as the sequence of the events is crystal clear