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04 Nov 2019, 00:24
Kudos
Bookmarks
Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
48% (02:45) correct
52%
(02:40) wrong
based on 413
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
32% (01:32) correct 68%
(01:26) wrong
based on 388
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
A
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
95%
(hard)
Question Stats:
37% (01:52) correct 63%
(01:59) wrong
based on 378
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Nineteenth-century architect Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc contended that Paris’s Notre-Dame cathedral, built primarily in the late twelfth century, was supported from the very beginning by a system of flying buttresses — a series of exterior arches (flyers) and their supports (buttresses) — which permitted the construction of taller vaulted buildings with slimmer walls and interior supports than had been possible previously. Other commentators insist, however, that NotreDame did not have flying buttresses until the thirteenth or fourteenth century, when they were added to update the building aesthetically and correct its structural flaws. Although post-twelfth-century modifications and renovations complicate efforts to resolve this controversy — all pre-fifteenth-century flyers have been replaced, and the buttresses have been rebuilt and/or resurfaced — it is nevertheless possible to tell that both the nave and the choir, the church’s two major parts, have always had flying buttresses. It is clear, now that nineteenth-century paint and plaster have been removed, that the nave’s lower buttresses date from the twelfth century. Moreover, the choir’s lower flyers have chevron (zigzag) decoration. Chevron decoration, which was characteristic of the second half of the twelfth century and was out of favor by the fourteenth century, is entirely absent from modifications to the building that can be dated with confidence to the thirteenth century.
C
A. tracing the development of a controversy
B. discussing obstacles to resolving a controversy
C. arguing in support of one side in a controversy
D. analyzing the assumptions underlying the claims made in a controversy
E. explaining why evidence relevant to a controversy has been overlooked
E
A It was the inspiration for many vaulted cathedrals built in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
B Its design flaws were not apparent until flying buttresses were added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.
C Its flying buttresses are embellished with decoration characteristic of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
D It had been modified in some respects before flying buttresses were added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.
E It was originally constructed in an architectural style that was considered outmoded by the thirteenth or fourteenth century.
A
A They accurately reproduce the decoration on the choir’s original lower flyers.
B They have a type of decoration used exclusively for exterior surfaces.
C They were the models for the choir’s original upper flyers.
D They were the models for the nave’s original lower flyers.
E They were constructed after the nave’s flyers were constructed.
12 Nov 2019, 10:34
Kudos
Bookmarks
All correct in 5 mins 45 seconds, including 2 mins 45 seconds to read. Though was not very sure about Q3.
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc view on Notre-Dame cathedral- supported from the very beginning by a system of flying buttresses
Others view- Notre-Dame did not have flying buttresses until the thirteenth or fourteenth century
Author supports EEVD's view and provides evidence
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
C. arguing in support of one side in a controversy- Correct, author supports Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc view on Notre-Dame cathedral
2. The claim of the “other commentators” (Highlighted) suggests that they believe which of the following about Notre-Dame?
A It was the inspiration for many vaulted cathedrals built in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.- incorrect, ND serving as inspiration is not mentioned
B Its design flaws were not apparent until flying buttresses were added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. - incorrect, design flaws did not become apparent on adding flying buttresses
C Its flying buttresses are embellished with decoration characteristic of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. - incorrect
D It had been modified in some respects before flying buttresses were added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.- incorrect, flying buttresses were added to update the building aesthetically and address its structural flaws. The passage provides no evidence of modifications before addition of buttresses
E It was originally constructed in an architectural style that was considered outmoded by the thirteenth or fourteenth century.- Correct
Other commentators insist, however, that NotreDame did not have flying buttresses until the thirteenth or fourteenth century, when they were added to update the building aesthetically and correct its structural flaws.
3. The author’s argument concerning Notre-Dame’s flying buttresses depends on which of the following assumptions about the choir’s lower flyers?
A They accurately reproduce the decoration on the choir’s original lower flyers.- Correct, if the choir's lower flyers DO NOT accurately reproduce the decoration of the choir's original lower flyers, then the author cannot claim that the choir ALWAYS had flying buttresses.
B They have a type of decoration used exclusively for exterior surfaces.- incorrect, exterior surfaces is not discussed with regards to Nave
C They were the models for the choir’s original upper flyers.- incorrect, there is no relationship between lower and upper flyers of the choir
D They were the models for the nave’s original lower flyers.- incorrect, nave is a different part
E They were constructed after the nave’s flyers were constructed.- incorrect, such a sequence is not needed
To link the following parts, we need option A.(Took a lot of time in Q3- a difficult question)
-it is nevertheless possible to tell that both the nave and the choir, the church’s two major parts, have always had flying buttresses
-Moreover, the choir’s lower flyers have chevron (zigzag) decoration. Chevron decoration, which was characteristic of the second half of the twelfth century and was out of favor by the fourteenth century, is entirely absent from modifications to the building that can be dated with confidence to the thirteenth century.
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc view on Notre-Dame cathedral- supported from the very beginning by a system of flying buttresses
Others view- Notre-Dame did not have flying buttresses until the thirteenth or fourteenth century
Author supports EEVD's view and provides evidence
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
C. arguing in support of one side in a controversy- Correct, author supports Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc view on Notre-Dame cathedral
2. The claim of the “other commentators” (Highlighted) suggests that they believe which of the following about Notre-Dame?
A It was the inspiration for many vaulted cathedrals built in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.- incorrect, ND serving as inspiration is not mentioned
B Its design flaws were not apparent until flying buttresses were added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. - incorrect, design flaws did not become apparent on adding flying buttresses
C Its flying buttresses are embellished with decoration characteristic of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. - incorrect
D It had been modified in some respects before flying buttresses were added in the thirteenth or fourteenth century.- incorrect, flying buttresses were added to update the building aesthetically and address its structural flaws. The passage provides no evidence of modifications before addition of buttresses
E It was originally constructed in an architectural style that was considered outmoded by the thirteenth or fourteenth century.- Correct
Other commentators insist, however, that NotreDame did not have flying buttresses until the thirteenth or fourteenth century, when they were added to update the building aesthetically and correct its structural flaws.
3. The author’s argument concerning Notre-Dame’s flying buttresses depends on which of the following assumptions about the choir’s lower flyers?
A They accurately reproduce the decoration on the choir’s original lower flyers.- Correct, if the choir's lower flyers DO NOT accurately reproduce the decoration of the choir's original lower flyers, then the author cannot claim that the choir ALWAYS had flying buttresses.
B They have a type of decoration used exclusively for exterior surfaces.- incorrect, exterior surfaces is not discussed with regards to Nave
C They were the models for the choir’s original upper flyers.- incorrect, there is no relationship between lower and upper flyers of the choir
D They were the models for the nave’s original lower flyers.- incorrect, nave is a different part
E They were constructed after the nave’s flyers were constructed.- incorrect, such a sequence is not needed
To link the following parts, we need option A.(Took a lot of time in Q3- a difficult question)
-it is nevertheless possible to tell that both the nave and the choir, the church’s two major parts, have always had flying buttresses
-Moreover, the choir’s lower flyers have chevron (zigzag) decoration. Chevron decoration, which was characteristic of the second half of the twelfth century and was out of favor by the fourteenth century, is entirely absent from modifications to the building that can be dated with confidence to the thirteenth century.
12 Nov 2019, 11:08
Kudos
Bookmarks
Official Explanation
1. The second paragraph of the passage serves to
Explanation
As the description above indicates, Choice C is correct: the passage supports one side in a controversy.
Choice A is incorrect because while the passage describes a controversy, it makes no mention of how that controversy developed.
The passage also does not discuss any obstacles to resolving the controversy, any assumptions underlying the claims in the controversy, or any reasons why pertinent evidence may have been overlooked, so Choice B, Choice D, and Choice E are all incorrect.
Answer: C
Explanation
As the description above indicates, Choice C is correct: the passage supports one side in a controversy.
Choice A is incorrect because while the passage describes a controversy, it makes no mention of how that controversy developed.
The passage also does not discuss any obstacles to resolving the controversy, any assumptions underlying the claims in the controversy, or any reasons why pertinent evidence may have been overlooked, so Choice B, Choice D, and Choice E are all incorrect.
Answer: C
2. The passage implies that a significant proportion of the French aristocracy
Explanation
The passage states that the “other commentators” claim that Notre-Dame frst received flying buttresses when it was updated for aesthetic and structural reasons in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. This claim thus suggests that the aesthetics of NotreDame were then seen as out of date, making Choice E correct.
Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not include any information about other cathedrals, let alone attribute a view of them to the other commentators.
While the other commentators do suggest that the design of Notre-Dame was seen as flawed in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, they say that flying buttresses were added to correct these flaws, not that the flaws became apparent after the addition of the flying buttresses, which makes Choice B incorrect.
Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not attribute any views of the embellishments on the flying buttresses to the other commentators; similarly, Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not describe the other commentators as discussing any modifcations prior to the thirteenth or fourteenth century.
Answer: E
Explanation
The passage states that the “other commentators” claim that Notre-Dame frst received flying buttresses when it was updated for aesthetic and structural reasons in the thirteenth or fourteenth century. This claim thus suggests that the aesthetics of NotreDame were then seen as out of date, making Choice E correct.
Choice A is incorrect because the passage does not include any information about other cathedrals, let alone attribute a view of them to the other commentators.
While the other commentators do suggest that the design of Notre-Dame was seen as flawed in the thirteenth or fourteenth century, they say that flying buttresses were added to correct these flaws, not that the flaws became apparent after the addition of the flying buttresses, which makes Choice B incorrect.
Choice C is incorrect because the passage does not attribute any views of the embellishments on the flying buttresses to the other commentators; similarly, Choice D is incorrect because the passage does not describe the other commentators as discussing any modifcations prior to the thirteenth or fourteenth century.
Answer: E
3. According to the passage, readership of books and pamphlets increased in the late 18th century because
Explanation
The author supports the claim that flying buttresses were present on Notre-Dame from the twelfth century by noting that the choir’s lower flyers feature a chevron decoration that was characteristic of the twelfth century. But since all flyers constructed prior to the ffteenth century have been replaced, the chevron decorations can indicate only that flyers were present in the twelfth century if those decorations accurately reproduce the decorations that existed on the original flyers. Thus, Choice A is the correct answer.
Choice B is incorrect: whether chevron decorations are used only on the exterior is not a point of dispute in the passage.
Choices C, D, and E are all incorrect: no part of the argument turns on any claim about the choir’s upper flyers, the nave’s lower flyers, or the sequence in which the choir’s and the nave’s flyers were constructed.
Answer: A
Explanation
The author supports the claim that flying buttresses were present on Notre-Dame from the twelfth century by noting that the choir’s lower flyers feature a chevron decoration that was characteristic of the twelfth century. But since all flyers constructed prior to the ffteenth century have been replaced, the chevron decorations can indicate only that flyers were present in the twelfth century if those decorations accurately reproduce the decorations that existed on the original flyers. Thus, Choice A is the correct answer.
Choice B is incorrect: whether chevron decorations are used only on the exterior is not a point of dispute in the passage.
Choices C, D, and E are all incorrect: no part of the argument turns on any claim about the choir’s upper flyers, the nave’s lower flyers, or the sequence in which the choir’s and the nave’s flyers were constructed.
Answer: A
Hope it helps
