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22 Jan 2021, 07:30
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Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
69% (03:10) correct
31%
(03:02) wrong
based on 767
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
44% (01:11) correct 56%
(01:17) wrong
based on 760
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
85%
(hard)
Question Stats:
33% (01:10) correct 67%
(01:07) wrong
based on 763
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
75%
(hard)
Question Stats:
42% (01:12) correct 58%
(01:14) wrong
based on 720
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
The California ground squirrel must constantly balance the conflicting demands of self-preservation and predator assessment. Because predator assessment requires a fairly high degree of proximity and sensory contact, the ground squirrel can only safely assess predators from whom there is little to no immediate threat. For example, when avian predators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle, launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservation must take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge. Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediate danger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity for predator assessment.
Predator assessment might normally be hampered by the inherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But while squirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake's diet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes. Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in marked contrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though a rattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move much faster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebite is mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that confer resistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels will generally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal to a grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are most susceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodies cannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom.
This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to change the dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationship and approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire useful information regarding size and body temperature. Larger snakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally more dangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster, from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visual cues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cues are generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrel will engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwing in an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax the snake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake's rattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and body temperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel to accurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups, but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (or lack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging.
Predator assessment might normally be hampered by the inherent danger of the rattlesnake's lethal bite. But while squirrels constitute almost 70 percent of the rattlesnake's diet, adult ground squirrels are all but immune to rattlesnakes. Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey, in marked contrast to sudden avian attacks. And even though a rattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move much faster. More important, any danger posed by a snakebite is mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that confer resistance to rattlesnake venom. Adult ground squirrels will generally survive a rattlesnake bite that could prove lethal to a grown human. Indeed, it is the squirrel pups that are most susceptible to rattlesnake bites, because their smaller bodies cannot neutralize a full bite's worth of venom.
This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to change the dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationship and approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire useful information regarding size and body temperature. Larger snakes, which deliver more venom per strike, are naturally more dangerous, as are warmer snakes, which can strike faster, from a greater distance, and with greater accuracy. Visual cues can be helpful, but the squirrel is often hampered by the surrounding vegetation and darkness of burrows. Auditory cues are generally more reliable. For this reason, the ground squirrel will engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwing in an attempt to put the snake on the defensive, and coax the snake into rattling its tail. The sound of a particular snake's rattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and body temperature. Not only does this information allow the squirrel to accurately assess the surrounding danger to itself and its pups, but it also allows the squirrel to communicate this danger (or lack thereof) to other squirrels by additional tail-flagging.
1. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about adult ground squirrels on the basis of the passage?
A. They are found exclusively in California.
B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom.
C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake's venom.
D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order to protect their young.
E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.
A. They are found exclusively in California.
B. They have always been immune to rattlesnake venom.
C. They are sometimes vulnerable to a rattlesnake's venom.
D. They generally stay away from rattlesnakes in order to protect their young.
E. They have only avian and reptilian predators.
2. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrel generally does NOT engage in which of the following?
A. The self-application of snake scent
B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size
C. Biting rattlesnakes
D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators
E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels
A. The self-application of snake scent
B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size
C. Biting rattlesnakes
D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators
E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels
3. The author mentions the hunting method of rattlesnakes in order to
A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a ground squirrel engaged in predator assessment.
B. give an example of an attack against which the adult ground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive.
C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten by rattlesnakes.
D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle.
E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult California ground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.
A. show how the rattlesnake can sneak up on a ground squirrel engaged in predator assessment.
B. give an example of an attack against which the adult ground squirrel must defend itself in order to survive.
C. explain why 70 percent of squirrels are eaten by rattlesnakes.
D. show how the rattlesnake is different from the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle.
E. provide a secondary explanation for the adult California ground squirrel's ability to safely approach the rattlesnake.
4. The passage suggests which of the following about predator-prey relationships?
A. They only allow for predator assessment when there is no danger from the predator.
B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predator assessment.
C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.
D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.
E. They are the same regardless of the species in question.
A. They only allow for predator assessment when there is no danger from the predator.
B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predator assessment.
C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.
D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.
E. They are the same regardless of the species in question.
30 Jan 2021, 13:46
Kudos
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Explanation
2. According to the passage, the adult ground squirrel generally does NOT engage in which of the following?
Explanation
This is an EXCEPT question so we have to find something we are definitely not sure about.
A. The self-application of snake scent
This is implicitly mentioned in the passage a couple of times, in the lines:
and approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire useful information regarding size and body temperature.
The sound of a particular snake's rattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and body temperature.
B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size
This is also clearly mentioned in the passage.
E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels
This is mentioned in the last paragraph of the passage.
Now compare C and D. See on what we are sure about and on what we are not. We might have to choose a better option among these two and that must not be necessarily the best one.
Read the following lines in the passage:
the ground squirrel can only safely assess predators from whom there is little to no immediate threat.
These lines states that squirrel goes near to only those predators from whom they have little or no immediate threat and they are rattlesnakes.
Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediate danger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity for predator assessment.
These lines also suggest the same.
Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey,
Another example which shows there is comparatively high chances squirrel will go for predator assessment.
And even though a rattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move much faster.
These lines once again shows that Rattlesnakes are lighter enemy comparatively.
any danger posed by a snakebite is mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that confer resistance to rattlesnake venom.
Adult ground squirrels will generally survive a rattlesnake bite
This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to change the dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationship
the ground squirrel will engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwing in an attempt to put the snake on the defensive
Conclusively all these lines suggests that squirrel can go near the rattlesnake and can do a predator assessment, during the predator assessment if squirrel is caught by a rattlesnake they might bite the rattlesnake in their self-defense. We are not sure by the passage that whether they can actually bite but by reading all above lines we could be doubtful on this phenomenon. This is something we are doubtful or we are not sure about. Lets read option D
D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators
when avian predators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle, launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservation must take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge.
sudden avian attacks
According to the above lines we are sure that squirrel will not go, in any case, close to the avian predator, and when self-preservation will be on their first preference squirrel will not go for large-scale assessment of avian predators.
So D is better because we are sure that squirrel will NOT go for this option and although C is not clearly mentioned but by the overall text of the passage we could be doubtful on that. So finally we have to choose which is better and not which is best. I hope I have conveyed my point.
Answer: D
Explanation
This is an EXCEPT question so we have to find something we are definitely not sure about.
A. The self-application of snake scent
This is implicitly mentioned in the passage a couple of times, in the lines:
and approach the rattlesnake in an effort to acquire useful information regarding size and body temperature.
The sound of a particular snake's rattle "leaks" information about the snake's size and body temperature.
B. Acquisition of knowledge regarding a rattlesnake's size
This is also clearly mentioned in the passage.
E. Communication with other adult ground squirrels
This is mentioned in the last paragraph of the passage.
Now compare C and D. See on what we are sure about and on what we are not. We might have to choose a better option among these two and that must not be necessarily the best one.
Read the following lines in the passage:
the ground squirrel can only safely assess predators from whom there is little to no immediate threat.
These lines states that squirrel goes near to only those predators from whom they have little or no immediate threat and they are rattlesnakes.
Rattlesnakes, on the other hand, pose relatively little immediate danger, and give the squirrel the greatest opportunity for predator assessment.
These lines also suggest the same.
Rattlesnakes hunt slowly and stalk their prey,
Another example which shows there is comparatively high chances squirrel will go for predator assessment.
And even though a rattlesnake's strike is fast, the ground squirrel can move much faster.
These lines once again shows that Rattlesnakes are lighter enemy comparatively.
any danger posed by a snakebite is mitigated by proteins in the squirrel's blood that confer resistance to rattlesnake venom.
Adult ground squirrels will generally survive a rattlesnake bite
This innate resistance allows the ground squirrel to change the dynamic of the traditional predator-prey relationship
the ground squirrel will engage in tail-flagging, sand-kicking, and substrate-throwing in an attempt to put the snake on the defensive
Conclusively all these lines suggests that squirrel can go near the rattlesnake and can do a predator assessment, during the predator assessment if squirrel is caught by a rattlesnake they might bite the rattlesnake in their self-defense. We are not sure by the passage that whether they can actually bite but by reading all above lines we could be doubtful on this phenomenon. This is something we are doubtful or we are not sure about. Lets read option D
D. Large-scale assessment of avian predators
when avian predators, including the red-tailed hawk and golden eagle, launch sudden, unexpected aerial attacks, self-preservation must take precedence over the acquisition of knowledge.
sudden avian attacks
According to the above lines we are sure that squirrel will not go, in any case, close to the avian predator, and when self-preservation will be on their first preference squirrel will not go for large-scale assessment of avian predators.
So D is better because we are sure that squirrel will NOT go for this option and although C is not clearly mentioned but by the overall text of the passage we could be doubtful on that. So finally we have to choose which is better and not which is best. I hope I have conveyed my point.
Answer: D
02 May 2021, 09:55
Kudos
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Explanation
4. The passage suggests which of the following about predator-prey relationships?
Explanation
The related lines in the passage:
Because predator assessment requires a fairly high degree of proximity and sensory contact, the ground squirrel can only safely assess predators from whom there is little to no immediate threat.
A. They only allow for predator assessment when there is no danger from the predator.
This is extreme answer choice, the above text in italic make it wrong, it only covers "No" part but not the "little" part. This option is saying that ground squirrel will do the predator assessment only when there is no danger. While passage suggests that the ground squirrel do the predator assessment when there is little or no threat.
B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predator assessment.
According to the referred text above this is correct.
C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.
Out of context
D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.
This is second best option but it also deviating from the passage by using the word "tend"
E. They are the same regardless of the species in question.
Same as C
Answer: B
Explanation
The related lines in the passage:
Because predator assessment requires a fairly high degree of proximity and sensory contact, the ground squirrel can only safely assess predators from whom there is little to no immediate threat.
A. They only allow for predator assessment when there is no danger from the predator.
This is extreme answer choice, the above text in italic make it wrong, it only covers "No" part but not the "little" part. This option is saying that ground squirrel will do the predator assessment only when there is no danger. While passage suggests that the ground squirrel do the predator assessment when there is little or no threat.
B. They often do not allow for a high degree of predator assessment.
According to the referred text above this is correct.
C. They are fairly traditional in their resistance to evolution.
Out of context
D. They tend to minimize the predator-prey proximity.
This is second best option but it also deviating from the passage by using the word "tend"
E. They are the same regardless of the species in question.
Same as C
Answer: B
