Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues el

Question

Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be  brought into the country by visitors.

(A) Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be

(B) Polio, although eradicated in the United States, it still continues elsewhere and can be

(C) Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be

(D) Although having been eradicated in the United States, polio still continues elsewhere and is capable of being

(E) Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be

tarunk31 · Accepted Answer

Which of the following sentences are correct?

1. Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors.

2. Although Polio is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors.

A lot of people will say that sentence 2 is correct since 'although' is a dependent clause or subordinating clause marker so it has to start a dependent clause i.e. it should have a subject and verb.

However both the sentences are correct. In fact, both of these sentences are essentially same.

Sentence 1) is a reduced form of sentence 2).

Reduction of adverb clauses.

An adverb clause/dependent clause/subordinate clause can be shortened/reduced to an adverb phrase. This is primarily done for concision. An adverb clause can be reduced to an adverbial phrase only when the adverb clause (subordinate clause) and the main clause have the same subject.

Following are the three rules to follow:

1. Adverb clauses may be reduced only if the subject of both the dependent clause(the adverb clause) and independent clause are the same.
2. If the main verb of the adverb clause is the 'be' verb,omit the subject and the 'be' verb.
3. If the main verb of the adverb clause is not the 'be' verb, then omit the subject and change the verb to gerund form.

In general, the adverb clauses of time, cause and contrast can be reduced. I will mainly discuss the reduction of the adverb clauses of opposition.

Adverb clauses of opposition.

Clause markers: Even though, though, although (also while and whereas)

'though', 'even though' or 'although' present a situation which is contrary to the main clause to express opposition.

Lets consider the sentence we discussed above:

Although Polio is eradicated in the United States, it(Polio) continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors.

Here since the subject Polio is common to both subordinate clause and the main clause and the subordinate clause is clause of opposition, we can reduce this clause. ( Rule #1 Satisfied )

To reduce, apply rule#2 i.e. remove the subject(Polio) and the verb is(form of verb 'be')

Reduced/Shortened sentence:
 
Although eradicated in the United States, Polio continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors.

Lets take another sentence:

Although he got away with murder, he is now the most hated person in America.

Since the subject of the subordinate clause( Although he got away with murder ) and the main clause( he is now the most hated person in America ) is same, we can reduce this sentence.

To reduce, apply rule #3 i.e. remove the subject and change the verb 'got' to gerund form 'getting'

Although getting away with murder, he is now the most hated person in America.

Here is a  Gmatprep question , which has the reduced form of the sentence that we discussed in this article.

Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be brought into the country by visitors.

(A) Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be
(B) Polio, although eradicated in the United States, it still continues elsewhere and can be
(C) Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be
(D) Although having been eradicated in the United States, polio still continues elsewhere and is capable of being
(E) Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be

daagh · Answer

(A) Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States,  it  continues elsewhere and is able to be -----  It continues – it is redundant  
(B) Polio, although eradicated in the United States,  it  still continues elsewhere and can be …..  it still ---- it is redundant  
(C) Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be …  Apparently very tempting, but still faulty. When we say that polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be brought back, we are indeed connecting two contrasts with a same direction conjunction, but could be brought back would be more appropriate .
(D) Although having been eradicated in the United States, polio still continues elsewhere and is capable of being ----  apart from the awkwardness of using ‘ capable of being’ . this choice also suffers from the same of inappropriate use of the connector ‘and’

(E) Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be …  You can see that 'the continuation elsewhere' and 'could be brought back' have no innate contrast and hence using 'and' is fine

A nice question hinging on nuances and subtleties

daagh · Answer

A) Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be
(B) Polio, although eradicated in the United States, it still continues elsewhere and can be
(C) Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be
(D) Although having been eradicated in the United States, polio still continues elsewhere and is capable of being
(E) Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be

Limiting just to the point whether ‘although’, a subordinate conjunction has to be necessarily be followed by a subject and verb or it could be reduced to a modifier:

I feel that it is largely dependent upon the position of where the ‘although’ is used.

1. If it is placed in the beginning of the sentence, then ‘although’ can be followed by either a clause or a modifier.

Example C, D and E belong to this category; All the three of them are correct as far as the use of ‘although’ is concerned

2. If 'although' is placed in the middle of a sentence, then it can only be a modifier and never a clause
Example A and B belong to this category. While A is wrong, B is ok as far as the use of ‘although’ is concerned.

3. If the ‘although’ is placed in the end portion, then it can only be a clause and never a modifier.

Ex: (imaginary); polio continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors, although it was eradicated in the United States

So we must look for other errors in the choices.

I think it is best to follow the leader RON's observations on this theme in his cited article:

https://www.manhattanprep.com/gmat/foru ... 31750.html

whamberto · Answer

I have chosen E for this question:

A. This sentence has Polio and "it" next to each other. This makes no sense because the pronoun "it" refers to Polio. Also, I felt the modifier "although it is..." is incorrect because it is a clause modifying the noun Polio.

B. Same as A - Polio and it are next to each other.

C. This answer choice is really confusing. It seems to suggest that Polio has been eradicated from the US, but it could also be brought into the US by visitors. The sequencing is really messed up here. It would be much better to say that Polio still continues elsewhere and could be brought into the US by visitors.

D. I couldn't find anything grammatically wrong with this, but it seems wordy. The words "having been" and "being" seem to make this answer more complicated than it should be.

E. This is the correct answer. The sentence starts with a subordinate clause, uses Polio as the subject of the sentence and then parallels the 2 claims about Polio.

TGC · Answer

A detailed analysis of Option (C).

Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been
eradicated in the United States and could be...

Original Idea : Although X,Y Z

Where X= Polio has been eradicated
 Y= it still continues elsewhere 
 Z= it could be brought by visitors into USA.

Idea has been distorted in (C) , let us see how:

Distorted Idea: Although Y,X Z

Sentence looses contrast and says that "Knowing polio exits elsewhere still it is eradicated in USA and could be brought".

However, Original says that "Knowing that polio has been eradicated in USA still it exists elsewhere and could be brought".

Hope it helps

Rgds,
TGC!

vmgmat · Answer

Hello ,

I am still not clear with the answer choice B.
How do i know the pronoun is redundant ? and when should I actually use a pronoun in a sentence.

Thanks 
Vin.

TGC · Answer

Hi Vin,

(B). Polio, although eradicated in the United States, it still continues elsewhere and can be

Remove the non-essential modifier enclosed by commas "although eradicated in the United States, and watch 
if the sentence makes sense.

Polio it still continues

So when you already have mentioned POLIO what is the need of IT which also refers to POLIO.

Hope that helps

Rgds,
TGC!

dontmesswithme · Answer

Sir/Ma'am,
Can you please help me with this question? Because my understanding was that Although requires a subject+verb which I could see only in A. Could you please explain me the fault while decoding this question?

yashikaaggarwal · Answer

Well Verbal in GMAT is more of reasoning than just using grammar rules, we will go by meaning+some rules to justify answer.

Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be  brought into the country by visitors.

(A) Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be (Here if you see Polio the subject is written alone which has to be parallel to both - although it is eradicated.........states. and - it continues......visitors.
When we put Polio in front of each clause. 1) Polio, although it is eradicated.........states. and - 2) Polio, it continues......visitors. 
You will find the ambiguity in the meaning the author intention is not clearly stated if we write it like this. So A can't be the answer. Plus although..... States clause is acting like a non essential modifier which is not the case. So it can't be correct.

(B) Polio, although eradicated in the United States, it still continues elsewhere and can be(Similar to A, Eliminate it)

(C) Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be(Although still continuing elsewhere is a non essential modifier here due to it being separated by comma from rest sentence, while it's necessary to confide the whole meaning the author intends to state (Incorrect)

(D) Although having been eradicated in the United States, polio still continues elsewhere and is capable of being (still continues elsewhere and is capable of are put into parallelism, which can be written as - polio still continues elsewhere , Polio is capable of being brought into the country by visitors.. Wait. Polio is capable of being brought? No sense it makes (Incorrect)

(E) Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be(this corrects parallelism issue Polio continues elsewhere , polio could be brought into the country by visitors. Yes Polio could be brought by others, it's not capable itself) (Correct).

Answering to your question, although is a conjunction which is used to connect clauses or sentences, but the use of although in A option is unambiguous, we have to find the meaning behind the sentence which author intends to express irrespective of it dejecting grammar rules. The answer has to be best to the reasoning not to the grammar.

Posted from my mobile device

CrackverbalGMAT · Answer

Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be  brought into the country by visitors.

(A) Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues elsewhere and is able to be  Both the "it"s are redundant. Eliminate.

(B) Polio, although eradicated in the United States, it still continues elsewhere and can be  "it" is redundant. Eliminate.

(C) Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be  "eradicated" and "brought back" are contrasting verbs and need a contrasting transitionary word like "but" or "however" connecting them, not "and". This is a tempting option otherwise and is ruled out only because (E) is so much cleaner. Eliminate.

(D) Although having been eradicated in the United States, polio still continues elsewhere and is capable of being  Usage of "having been" indicates that that a first action has been completed before the second action begins - there is no such second action in the sentence. Eliminate.

(E) Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be  Correct answer.

Hope this helps.

Vivek1707 · Answer

Hi  daagh 
Thank you for your amazing explanation

Could you also clarify if the usage of 'still' in option D is redundant ?

Also in option C, I have read that the usage of conditional words like 'could' is generally used along with past perfect tenses for example - if I had met her, I would/could have told her my story. So can option C be eliminated for that reason?

VerbalBot · Answer

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Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues el

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Polio, although it is eradicated in the United States, it continues el

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615 to 715 in 15 Days (Ria's Strategies)

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