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16 Sep 2014, 02:00
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A certain eye infection has been linked to exposure to high-salinity sea water. While not dangerous, these infections are painful and often unnoticeable, at least to those who contract them. Over 80% of children ages 4-14 who bathed in a particular sea called "The White Sea" have contracted the infection in varying levels of severity. Although bathing in "The White Sea" does not always lead to a contraction of the infection, the only way to completely avoid the infection is to refrain from bathing in "The White Sea" and other Sea waters with similar level of salinity altogether.
Which of the following indicates a flaw in the author’s reasoning?
A. It relies on evidence about a specific place to make a recommendation about an entire class of such places.
B. It assumes that one possible cause of a condition is the only cause of that condition.
C. It assumes to be true what it sets out to prove.
D. It makes a generalization based on one segment of the population.
E. It contradicts itself by proclaiming a condition to be not dangerous and then offering a recommendation to avoid that condition.
Which of the following indicates a flaw in the author’s reasoning?
A. It relies on evidence about a specific place to make a recommendation about an entire class of such places.
B. It assumes that one possible cause of a condition is the only cause of that condition.
C. It assumes to be true what it sets out to prove.
D. It makes a generalization based on one segment of the population.
E. It contradicts itself by proclaiming a condition to be not dangerous and then offering a recommendation to avoid that condition.
16 Sep 2014, 02:00
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Official Solution:
A certain eye infection has been linked to exposure to high-salinity sea water. While not dangerous, these infections are painful and often unnoticeable, at least to those who contract them. Over 80% of children ages 4-14 who bathed in a particular sea called "The White Sea" have contracted the infection in varying levels of severity. Although bathing in "The White Sea" does not always lead to a contraction of the infection, the only way to completely avoid the infection is to refrain from bathing in "The White Sea" and other Sea waters with similar level of salinity altogether.
Which of the following indicates a flaw in the author’s reasoning?
A. It relies on evidence about a specific place to make a recommendation about an entire class of such places.
B. It assumes that one possible cause of a condition is the only cause of that condition.
C. It assumes to be true what it sets out to prove.
D. It makes a generalization based on one segment of the population.
E. It contradicts itself by proclaiming a condition to be not dangerous and then offering a recommendation to avoid that condition.
The conclusion of the author is that “the only way to completely avoid the infection is to refrain from bathing in "The White Sea" and other Sea waters with similar levels of salinity altogether”. There are two extreme words in the conclusion that are particularly susceptible to flawed reasoning:
A. “the only way”
B. “completely avoid”
Flaw in point A:
There may be some other way to avoid the infection (some people who bathed in the “White Sea” did not get infected), but the author assumes refraining from bathing in the “White Sea” and other high-salinity seas is the only way.
(This flaw is not depicted in any of the answer choices though.)
Flaw in point B:
What is required to be done to completely avoid the infection:
a. Refrain from bathing particularly in “White Sea”.
b. Refrain from bathing generally in a high-salinity sea water since it is known that “high-salinity sea water” is linked to the infection ( ref. first sentence of the passage).
c. Any other reason that might cause the infection.
A. This choice is just telling what the author is doing to prove his/ her point. This is not a generalization flaw as one might think. In the argument, the author has included 2 (a and b) of the 3 points stated under “Flaw in point B” above. Including point b basically shows a positive aspect of the author's conclusion - that he extended his observation to a larger field.
B. CORRECT. This is the correct answer choice that states the flaw in the cause and effect reasoning. This option shows that point c in “Flaw in point B” was missed out by the author.
C. The author is not assuming what he sets out to prove. As with answer choice (A) the argument does this but this is not a flaw in the reasoning.
D. As with (A) this choice is also just telling what the author is doing to prove his/ her point. Hence, this is not a flaw.
E. Same as other incorrect answer choices, this is not the flaw in the argument.
Answer: B
A certain eye infection has been linked to exposure to high-salinity sea water. While not dangerous, these infections are painful and often unnoticeable, at least to those who contract them. Over 80% of children ages 4-14 who bathed in a particular sea called "The White Sea" have contracted the infection in varying levels of severity. Although bathing in "The White Sea" does not always lead to a contraction of the infection, the only way to completely avoid the infection is to refrain from bathing in "The White Sea" and other Sea waters with similar level of salinity altogether.
Which of the following indicates a flaw in the author’s reasoning?
A. It relies on evidence about a specific place to make a recommendation about an entire class of such places.
B. It assumes that one possible cause of a condition is the only cause of that condition.
C. It assumes to be true what it sets out to prove.
D. It makes a generalization based on one segment of the population.
E. It contradicts itself by proclaiming a condition to be not dangerous and then offering a recommendation to avoid that condition.
The conclusion of the author is that “the only way to completely avoid the infection is to refrain from bathing in "The White Sea" and other Sea waters with similar levels of salinity altogether”. There are two extreme words in the conclusion that are particularly susceptible to flawed reasoning:
A. “the only way”
B. “completely avoid”
Flaw in point A:
There may be some other way to avoid the infection (some people who bathed in the “White Sea” did not get infected), but the author assumes refraining from bathing in the “White Sea” and other high-salinity seas is the only way.
(This flaw is not depicted in any of the answer choices though.)
Flaw in point B:
What is required to be done to completely avoid the infection:
a. Refrain from bathing particularly in “White Sea”.
b. Refrain from bathing generally in a high-salinity sea water since it is known that “high-salinity sea water” is linked to the infection ( ref. first sentence of the passage).
c. Any other reason that might cause the infection.
A. This choice is just telling what the author is doing to prove his/ her point. This is not a generalization flaw as one might think. In the argument, the author has included 2 (a and b) of the 3 points stated under “Flaw in point B” above. Including point b basically shows a positive aspect of the author's conclusion - that he extended his observation to a larger field.
B. CORRECT. This is the correct answer choice that states the flaw in the cause and effect reasoning. This option shows that point c in “Flaw in point B” was missed out by the author.
C. The author is not assuming what he sets out to prove. As with answer choice (A) the argument does this but this is not a flaw in the reasoning.
D. As with (A) this choice is also just telling what the author is doing to prove his/ her point. Hence, this is not a flaw.
E. Same as other incorrect answer choices, this is not the flaw in the argument.
Answer: B
General Discussion
27 Jun 2022, 03:16
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The question or/and solution has been revised and edited. Thank you sayantanc2k !!!
