There could also be a tension between the importance and the dangers of using governmental power in order to transform society in the image of a programmatic vision.
Between X and Y....X and Y should be parallel to each other.
Parallelism here is between "the importance" and "the dangers". Both "the importance" and "the dangers" are parallel to each other.
Between/Among - Between is used to refer to two things which are clearly separated. Hence usage of between is correct here.
A. There could also be a tension
between the importance and the dangers of using governmental power - between X and Y of .... is concise and parallel
B. There could also be a tension
among the importance and the dangers of using governmental power
C. There could also be a tension
on the one hand between the importance and the dangers of using governmental power
on the other - this construction has changed the meaning of the sentence
D. There could also be a tension between the importance
of and the danger of using government power - this construction says " between the importance of using governmental power and the dangers of using governmental power ", which is lengthy and awkward. Original sentence says simply "between importance and danger", hence choice A is better.
E. There could also be tension between the importance
of and danger
in using government power