This is more of a meaning-based and modifier question
A. A maturing and increasingly lucrative market, enormous foreign investment in the last decade was drawn by Australia. - Here "a maturing..." is modifying enormous which is wrong. It's supposed to modify Australia. INCORRECT
B. Modification error resolved, looks good, keep it.
C. Increasingly maturing as a lucrative market, Australia, in the last decade, has drawn enormous foreign investment, - Increasingly maturing looks like redundant to me and it changes the meaning of the sentence. (Also, I dont know if its actually a statement or typin error but there is , at the end instead of period) Incorrect
D. As a maturing and increasingly lucrative market in the last decade, Australia has drawn enormous foreign investment. - It completely changes the meaning now it says playing as a role of maturing and increasingly lucrative market Australia has drawn... INCORRECT
E. In the last decade, Australia, a maturing and increasingly lucrative market, has drawn enormous foreign investment thereafter - Wrong as thereafter is unnecessary.
B is Correct