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07 Jan 2024, 15:40
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Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a foodborne bacterial zoonotic pathogen that can cause listeriosis, a severe infection with a high case fatality rate in immunocompromised individuals. Molecular studies have shown the clonal population structure of Lm and the worldwide distribution of clonal complex 1 (Lm-CC1, initially called epidemic clone ECI), a cosmopolitan clonal group defined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which was first isolated from an Italian soldier with meningitis during the first world war (WWI). Notably, Lm-CC1 is the most prevalent clinical clonal complex in several countries and actually corresponds to 20% of all of Lm clinical isolates deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Lm-CC1 belongs to Lm major lineage I and evolved from a subgroup of serotype 4b ancestry.
While there is no proven interhuman horizontal transmission of listeriosis, it was only in 1983 that the foodborne transmission of human listeriosis was formally established. Since then, Lm-CC1 has been reported in different food matrices, which constitute a major source of human listeriosis, including heavily contaminated dairy products. Previous studies have also demonstrated the hypervirulence of Lm-CC1, and its higher efficiency in gut colonization and fecal shedding, compared to hypovirulent Lm clones. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that bovines, which are frequent Lm asymptomatic carriers and contribute to Lm enrichment in soils, are the main source of disease and constitute a reservoir for Lm-CC1. In addition to Lm subclinical infections that may contaminate milk, the long-term persistence of Lm in cattle manure–amended soils also poses serious risks of transmission to fresh produce.
Understanding the global evolution of Lm-CC1, which is now spread over all continents, as well as its emergence and dissemination across different spatial levels is critical to understand Lm population dynamics and to develop better control strategies, particularly in countries with aging and/or immunosuppressed populations who are most at risk for severe infection. However, the complex movement of livestock and food products associated with asymptomatic intestinal colonization complicates traditional epidemiological investigations aiming at deciphering Lm epidemiology by linking isolates in space and time. Here, we took a population biology approach to fill this knowledge gap and conducted the largest genomic Lm-CC1 study to date, combining genomic and evolutionary approaches to decipher its evolutionary history and pattern of emergence and spread.
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. Lm-CC1 poses no significant risk to human health.
B. Dairy products are a primary source of listeriosis transmission.
C. Bovines play a crucial role in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
D. Lm-CC1 can only survive in cattle manure–amended soils.
E. Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles.
While there is no proven interhuman horizontal transmission of listeriosis, it was only in 1983 that the foodborne transmission of human listeriosis was formally established. Since then, Lm-CC1 has been reported in different food matrices, which constitute a major source of human listeriosis, including heavily contaminated dairy products. Previous studies have also demonstrated the hypervirulence of Lm-CC1, and its higher efficiency in gut colonization and fecal shedding, compared to hypovirulent Lm clones. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that bovines, which are frequent Lm asymptomatic carriers and contribute to Lm enrichment in soils, are the main source of disease and constitute a reservoir for Lm-CC1. In addition to Lm subclinical infections that may contaminate milk, the long-term persistence of Lm in cattle manure–amended soils also poses serious risks of transmission to fresh produce.
Understanding the global evolution of Lm-CC1, which is now spread over all continents, as well as its emergence and dissemination across different spatial levels is critical to understand Lm population dynamics and to develop better control strategies, particularly in countries with aging and/or immunosuppressed populations who are most at risk for severe infection. However, the complex movement of livestock and food products associated with asymptomatic intestinal colonization complicates traditional epidemiological investigations aiming at deciphering Lm epidemiology by linking isolates in space and time. Here, we took a population biology approach to fill this knowledge gap and conducted the largest genomic Lm-CC1 study to date, combining genomic and evolutionary approaches to decipher its evolutionary history and pattern of emergence and spread.
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. Lm-CC1 poses no significant risk to human health.
B. Dairy products are a primary source of listeriosis transmission.
C. Bovines play a crucial role in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
D. Lm-CC1 can only survive in cattle manure–amended soils.
E. Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles.
07 Jan 2024, 15:40
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Official Solution:
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a foodborne bacterial zoonotic pathogen that can cause listeriosis, a severe infection with a high case fatality rate in immunocompromised individuals. Molecular studies have shown the clonal population structure of Lm and the worldwide distribution of clonal complex 1 (Lm-CC1, initially called epidemic clone ECI), a cosmopolitan clonal group defined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which was first isolated from an Italian soldier with meningitis during the first world war (WWI). Notably, Lm-CC1 is the most prevalent clinical clonal complex in several countries and actually corresponds to 20% of all of Lm clinical isolates deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Lm-CC1 belongs to Lm major lineage I and evolved from a subgroup of serotype 4b ancestry.
While there is no proven interhuman horizontal transmission of listeriosis, it was only in 1983 that the foodborne transmission of human listeriosis was formally established. Since then, Lm-CC1 has been reported in different food matrices, which constitute a major source of human listeriosis, including heavily contaminated dairy products. Previous studies have also demonstrated the hypervirulence of Lm-CC1, and its higher efficiency in gut colonization and fecal shedding, compared to hypovirulent Lm clones. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that bovines, which are frequent Lm asymptomatic carriers and contribute to Lm enrichment in soils, are the main source of disease and constitute a reservoir for Lm-CC1. In addition to Lm subclinical infections that may contaminate milk, the long-term persistence of Lm in cattle manure–amended soils also poses serious risks of transmission to fresh produce.
Understanding the global evolution of Lm-CC1, which is now spread over all continents, as well as its emergence and dissemination across different spatial levels is critical to understand Lm population dynamics and to develop better control strategies, particularly in countries with aging and/or immunosuppressed populations who are most at risk for severe infection. However, the complex movement of livestock and food products associated with asymptomatic intestinal colonization complicates traditional epidemiological investigations aiming at deciphering Lm epidemiology by linking isolates in space and time. Here, we took a population biology approach to fill this knowledge gap and conducted the largest genomic Lm-CC1 study to date, combining genomic and evolutionary approaches to decipher its evolutionary history and pattern of emergence and spread.
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. Lm-CC1 poses no significant risk to human health.
B. Dairy products are a primary source of listeriosis transmission.
C. Bovines play a crucial role in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
D. Lm-CC1 can only survive in cattle manure–amended soils.
E. Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles.
A. Lm-CC1 poses no significant risk to human health.
This answer is incorrect because the passage clearly states that Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), particularly Lm-CC1, causes listeriosis, a severe infection with a high case fatality rate in immunocompromised individuals. This implies that Lm-CC1 does pose a significant risk to human health.
B. Dairy products are a primary source of listeriosis transmission.
This answer is incorrect. While the passage mentions that Lm-CC1 has been reported in different food matrices, which constitute a major source of human listeriosis, including heavily contaminated dairy products, we actually do not know if the dairy products are a major source of listeriosis. We only know they are a part of the food matrices but we do not know if they are a small or a big part.
C. Bovines play a crucial role in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
This answer is correct. The text highlights that bovines, which are frequent Lm asymptomatic carriers and contribute to Lm enrichment in soils, are the main source of disease and constitute a reservoir for Lm-CC1. This underscores the crucial role of bovines in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
D. Lm-CC1 can only survive in cattle manure–amended soils.
This answer is incorrect. While the passage notes that Lm can persist in cattle manure-amended soils, it does not claim that this is the only environment where Lm-CC1 can survive. The passage discusses various transmission vectors, implying that Lm-CC1's survival is not restricted solely to such soils.
E. Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles.
This answer is incorrect. The passage does not provide any information suggesting that Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles. Instead, it emphasizes foodborne transmission and other vectors, such as dairy products and bovines.
Answer: C
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a foodborne bacterial zoonotic pathogen that can cause listeriosis, a severe infection with a high case fatality rate in immunocompromised individuals. Molecular studies have shown the clonal population structure of Lm and the worldwide distribution of clonal complex 1 (Lm-CC1, initially called epidemic clone ECI), a cosmopolitan clonal group defined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), which was first isolated from an Italian soldier with meningitis during the first world war (WWI). Notably, Lm-CC1 is the most prevalent clinical clonal complex in several countries and actually corresponds to 20% of all of Lm clinical isolates deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) . Lm-CC1 belongs to Lm major lineage I and evolved from a subgroup of serotype 4b ancestry.
While there is no proven interhuman horizontal transmission of listeriosis, it was only in 1983 that the foodborne transmission of human listeriosis was formally established. Since then, Lm-CC1 has been reported in different food matrices, which constitute a major source of human listeriosis, including heavily contaminated dairy products. Previous studies have also demonstrated the hypervirulence of Lm-CC1, and its higher efficiency in gut colonization and fecal shedding, compared to hypovirulent Lm clones. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that bovines, which are frequent Lm asymptomatic carriers and contribute to Lm enrichment in soils, are the main source of disease and constitute a reservoir for Lm-CC1. In addition to Lm subclinical infections that may contaminate milk, the long-term persistence of Lm in cattle manure–amended soils also poses serious risks of transmission to fresh produce.
Understanding the global evolution of Lm-CC1, which is now spread over all continents, as well as its emergence and dissemination across different spatial levels is critical to understand Lm population dynamics and to develop better control strategies, particularly in countries with aging and/or immunosuppressed populations who are most at risk for severe infection. However, the complex movement of livestock and food products associated with asymptomatic intestinal colonization complicates traditional epidemiological investigations aiming at deciphering Lm epidemiology by linking isolates in space and time. Here, we took a population biology approach to fill this knowledge gap and conducted the largest genomic Lm-CC1 study to date, combining genomic and evolutionary approaches to decipher its evolutionary history and pattern of emergence and spread.
The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A. Lm-CC1 poses no significant risk to human health.
B. Dairy products are a primary source of listeriosis transmission.
C. Bovines play a crucial role in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
D. Lm-CC1 can only survive in cattle manure–amended soils.
E. Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles.
A. Lm-CC1 poses no significant risk to human health.
This answer is incorrect because the passage clearly states that Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), particularly Lm-CC1, causes listeriosis, a severe infection with a high case fatality rate in immunocompromised individuals. This implies that Lm-CC1 does pose a significant risk to human health.
B. Dairy products are a primary source of listeriosis transmission.
This answer is incorrect. While the passage mentions that Lm-CC1 has been reported in different food matrices, which constitute a major source of human listeriosis, including heavily contaminated dairy products, we actually do not know if the dairy products are a major source of listeriosis. We only know they are a part of the food matrices but we do not know if they are a small or a big part.
C. Bovines play a crucial role in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
This answer is correct. The text highlights that bovines, which are frequent Lm asymptomatic carriers and contribute to Lm enrichment in soils, are the main source of disease and constitute a reservoir for Lm-CC1. This underscores the crucial role of bovines in the transmission of Lm-CC1.
D. Lm-CC1 can only survive in cattle manure–amended soils.
This answer is incorrect. While the passage notes that Lm can persist in cattle manure-amended soils, it does not claim that this is the only environment where Lm-CC1 can survive. The passage discusses various transmission vectors, implying that Lm-CC1's survival is not restricted solely to such soils.
E. Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles.
This answer is incorrect. The passage does not provide any information suggesting that Lm-CC1 is primarily transmitted through airborne particles. Instead, it emphasizes foodborne transmission and other vectors, such as dairy products and bovines.
Answer: C
06 Apr 2024, 10:39
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bb KarishmaB , Why is option B incorrect here ?
In the passage it has been mentioned that "....dairy products, which can be heavily contaminated and constitute a major source of human listeriosis. ...."
"Major source" means "primary source " right ? MartyMurray
In the passage it has been mentioned that "....dairy products, which can be heavily contaminated and constitute a major source of human listeriosis. ...."
"Major source" means "primary source " right ? MartyMurray
