In 1946, US President Harry Truman signed into law the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act, which established what is now called the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). The NSLP reimburses states for providing free and low-cost meals to qualifying students. In its first year, about 7 million children participated, rising to over 30 million by 2016. Schools may only serve free or reduced-price lunches to children who qualify, based on household income and family size. Currently, children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty level qualify for free lunch, while those from families with incomes between 130 and 185 percent qualify for reduced-price lunch.
Unfortunately, the eligibility guidelines leave many children in a difficult situation: their parents earn more than 130 percent of the federal poverty level but not enough to consistently afford full or reduced-price meals. This gap often results in school lunch debt, which can have acute psychological impacts on children, including stigma and bullying from peers. For many children, these school meals are often their only reliable source of daily nutrition.
Eight states have established universal school meal programs for schools participating in the NSLP. Other states have eliminated the reduced-price lunch category, making meals free for any student from a family with an income below 185 percent of the federal poverty level. However, most states have not adopted such expanded programs, leaving millions of children without consistent access to school meals.
The passage suggests that school lunch debt arises from gaps in the eligibility criteria for free or reduced-price meals. Which of the following must be true in order for this explanation to be valid?
A. Some families who qualify for reduced-price meals do not apply for the program due to the stigma associated with receiving assistance.
B. A substantial proportion of students who incur school-lunch debt are ineligible for free or reduced-price meals and cannot afford the full price.
C. Schools rarely provide alternative assistance to students who cannot pay for their meals.
D. The federal poverty level does not account for the differences in cost of living across various regions where students experience food insecurity.
E. Eliminating the reduced-price lunch category would completely solve the problem of school lunch debt.