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Question 1
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
59% (02:53) correct
41%
(02:59) wrong
based on 186
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
93% (00:34) correct 7%
(00:44) wrong
based on 180
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
D
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
5%
(low)
Question Stats:
84% (00:37) correct 16%
(00:50) wrong
based on 183
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
25%
(medium)
Question Stats:
68% (00:58) correct 32%
(01:21) wrong
based on 191
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Cancer, a word that elicits dread in nearly everyone, continues to puzzle scientists. Despite attempts made by science to decipher this terrible disease, scientists still struggle to find an answer to questions such as, ‘why does cancer strike some and not others?’, ‘Are its ‘seeds’ part of our genetic makeup?’
Different terms are used when discussing cancer. Neoplasm is an abnormal cell mass that develops when the controls of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction. However, all neoplasms are not cancerous. Benign neoplasms do not spread, and are always seen to be local affairs. They are usually surrounded by a capsule and grow slowly, seldom killing their hosts if they are removed before they affect vital organs. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are non-encapsulated, grow more relentlessly and can even kill. They resemble immature cells and invade their surroundings rather than push them aside. Malignant cells are also capable of metastasis—i.e., they tend to spread via blood to distant parts of the body and form new masses.
But what causes the transformation? In other words, what converts a normal cell to a cancerous one? It is well known that cancer-causing elements or carcinogens can be found in radiation, mechanical trauma, certain viral infections and many chemicals (tobacco tars, saccharine). All of these have one common factor—all of them cause mutations, which are changes in DNA that alter the expressions of certain genes. Usually carcinogens are eliminated by the immune system or certain enzymes. It must also be stated here that it takes much more than just one mutation to change a normal cell into a full-fledged cancer cell.
It was with the discovery of oncogenes (cancer causing genes) followed by proto-oncogenes that the role of genes started to gain prominence. Although proto-oncogenes code for proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth, many of them have fragile areas that break when exposed to carcinogens, converting them to oncogenes. As a result, problems such as, ‘switching on’ of dormant genes that allows cells to become invasive, arise. Oncogenes have been discovered in only 15 to 20 percent of human cancers. Therefore, it came as no surprise when the tumour suppressor genes were discovered recently – these, as their names suggest, suppress or prevent cancer. The tumour suppressor genes not only put the ‘brakes’ on cell division but they help with DNA repair and help to deactivate carcinogens, thereby enhancing the immune system’s ability to destroy cancer cells. It is when the tumour suppressor genes are damaged or changed in some way, that the oncogenes are free to ‘do their thing’. Whatever the precise genetic factor at work, the seeds of cancer do appear to be in our own genes. Cancer is indeed intimate!
Different terms are used when discussing cancer. Neoplasm is an abnormal cell mass that develops when the controls of the cell cycle and cell division malfunction. However, all neoplasms are not cancerous. Benign neoplasms do not spread, and are always seen to be local affairs. They are usually surrounded by a capsule and grow slowly, seldom killing their hosts if they are removed before they affect vital organs. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are non-encapsulated, grow more relentlessly and can even kill. They resemble immature cells and invade their surroundings rather than push them aside. Malignant cells are also capable of metastasis—i.e., they tend to spread via blood to distant parts of the body and form new masses.
But what causes the transformation? In other words, what converts a normal cell to a cancerous one? It is well known that cancer-causing elements or carcinogens can be found in radiation, mechanical trauma, certain viral infections and many chemicals (tobacco tars, saccharine). All of these have one common factor—all of them cause mutations, which are changes in DNA that alter the expressions of certain genes. Usually carcinogens are eliminated by the immune system or certain enzymes. It must also be stated here that it takes much more than just one mutation to change a normal cell into a full-fledged cancer cell.
It was with the discovery of oncogenes (cancer causing genes) followed by proto-oncogenes that the role of genes started to gain prominence. Although proto-oncogenes code for proteins that are needed for normal cell division and growth, many of them have fragile areas that break when exposed to carcinogens, converting them to oncogenes. As a result, problems such as, ‘switching on’ of dormant genes that allows cells to become invasive, arise. Oncogenes have been discovered in only 15 to 20 percent of human cancers. Therefore, it came as no surprise when the tumour suppressor genes were discovered recently – these, as their names suggest, suppress or prevent cancer. The tumour suppressor genes not only put the ‘brakes’ on cell division but they help with DNA repair and help to deactivate carcinogens, thereby enhancing the immune system’s ability to destroy cancer cells. It is when the tumour suppressor genes are damaged or changed in some way, that the oncogenes are free to ‘do their thing’. Whatever the precise genetic factor at work, the seeds of cancer do appear to be in our own genes. Cancer is indeed intimate!
1. What is the central idea of the passage?
(A) evolution of cancer
(B) role of genes in cancer
(C) early warning signs of cancer
(D) procedures for detecting cancer
(E) how an abnormal cell mass can cause cancer
(A) evolution of cancer
(B) role of genes in cancer
(C) early warning signs of cancer
(D) procedures for detecting cancer
(E) how an abnormal cell mass can cause cancer
2. According to the passage, cancer is an ‘intimate enemy’ because:
(A) of the kind of treatment available for cancer.
(B) most of us know someone who has had cancer.
(C) it is closely related to the body’s immune system.
(D) it brings people affected by cancer closer together.
(E) the ‘seeds’ of cancer appear to be in our own genes.
(A) of the kind of treatment available for cancer.
(B) most of us know someone who has had cancer.
(C) it is closely related to the body’s immune system.
(D) it brings people affected by cancer closer together.
(E) the ‘seeds’ of cancer appear to be in our own genes.
3. According to the author, what can be concluded from the passage?
(A) Occurrence of cancer depends on our genetic make-up.
(B) Abnormal masses in the body are the sole reason for cancer.
(C) Cancer has now become a very common disease and can be treated easily.
(D) There are several factors that cause cancer and genes play a significant role.
(E) Though cancer is a dreadful disease, there are several promising new treatments.
(A) Occurrence of cancer depends on our genetic make-up.
(B) Abnormal masses in the body are the sole reason for cancer.
(C) Cancer has now become a very common disease and can be treated easily.
(D) There are several factors that cause cancer and genes play a significant role.
(E) Though cancer is a dreadful disease, there are several promising new treatments.
4. According to the passage, the author most likely agrees with all of the following statements EXCEPT:
(A) Surgical removal is a treatment for benign neoplasm.
(B) It takes only one genetic mutation to make a normal cell cancerous.
(C) Most carcinogens are eliminated by enzymes or the immune system.
(D) Carcinogens cause changes in DNA that alter the expression of genes.
(E) Chemicals such as tobacco tar and saccharine can act as carcinogens.
(A) Surgical removal is a treatment for benign neoplasm.
(B) It takes only one genetic mutation to make a normal cell cancerous.
(C) Most carcinogens are eliminated by enzymes or the immune system.
(D) Carcinogens cause changes in DNA that alter the expression of genes.
(E) Chemicals such as tobacco tar and saccharine can act as carcinogens.
RC Butler 2021 - Practice Two RC Questions Everyday.
Passage # 274 Date: 12-Jul-2021
This question is a part of RC Butler 2021. Click here for Details
Passage # 274 Date: 12-Jul-2021
This question is a part of RC Butler 2021. Click here for Details
13 Jul 2021, 02:41
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Hi,
My analysis is as follows:
All suggestions are appreciated. Thank you.
My analysis is as follows:
Sajjad1994
All suggestions are appreciated. Thank you.
13 Jul 2021, 07:26
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Passage Summary:
P1: What is the cause of cancer?
P2: Neoplasm (benign and malignant) what mechanism to cancer?
P3: Mutation; what mutation?
P4: Oncogene and protoncogene
Q1 central idea
(A) evolution of cancer -> (no, we talk only about cause)
(B) role of genes in cancer -> (KEEP)
(C) early warning signs of cancer -> (no, nothing about early warning)
(D) procedures for detecting cancer -> (no, nothing about detecting cancer)
(E) how an abnormal cell mass can cause cancer -> (KEEP)
I will go with E, because for B, the author should talk like what genes are responsible for cancer, not how the cancer is developed (E)?
Q2 intimate enemy because oncogene is in our cell.
(A) of the kind of treatment available for cancer. (not about treatment)
(B) most of us know someone who has had cancer. (not about the person we know)
(C) it is closely related to the body’s immune system. (not about immune system)
(D) it brings people affected by cancer closer together. (not about brining people together)
(E) the ‘seeds’ of cancer appear to be in our own genes. (YES)
I choose E
Q3 Infer
(A) Occurrence of cancer depends on our genetic make-up. (KEEP)
(B) Abnormal masses in the body are the sole reason for cancer. (NO - sole reason, too strong)
(C) Cancer has now become a very common disease and can be treated easily. (NO - treatment not discussed)
(D) There are several factors that cause cancer and genes play a significant role. (KEEP)
(E) Though cancer is a dreadful disease, there are several promising new treatments. (NO - treatment not discussed)
I choose D because A means like because person A has gene XX and person B has gene XY, then person A is more likely.
Q4 Agree EXCEPT
(A) Surgical removal is a treatment for benign neoplasm. (YES, in P2)
(B) It takes only one genetic mutation to make a normal cell cancerous. (contradictory, in P3)
(C) Most carcinogens are eliminated by enzymes or the immune system. (YES, in P2)
(D) Carcinogens cause changes in DNA that alter the expression of genes. (YES, in P3)
(E) Chemicals such as tobacco tar and saccharine can act as carcinogens. (YES, in P3)
I choose B
P1: What is the cause of cancer?
P2: Neoplasm (benign and malignant) what mechanism to cancer?
P3: Mutation; what mutation?
P4: Oncogene and protoncogene
Q1 central idea
(A) evolution of cancer -> (no, we talk only about cause)
(B) role of genes in cancer -> (KEEP)
(C) early warning signs of cancer -> (no, nothing about early warning)
(D) procedures for detecting cancer -> (no, nothing about detecting cancer)
(E) how an abnormal cell mass can cause cancer -> (KEEP)
I will go with E, because for B, the author should talk like what genes are responsible for cancer, not how the cancer is developed (E)?
Q2 intimate enemy because oncogene is in our cell.
(A) of the kind of treatment available for cancer. (not about treatment)
(B) most of us know someone who has had cancer. (not about the person we know)
(C) it is closely related to the body’s immune system. (not about immune system)
(D) it brings people affected by cancer closer together. (not about brining people together)
(E) the ‘seeds’ of cancer appear to be in our own genes. (YES)
I choose E
Q3 Infer
(A) Occurrence of cancer depends on our genetic make-up. (KEEP)
(B) Abnormal masses in the body are the sole reason for cancer. (NO - sole reason, too strong)
(C) Cancer has now become a very common disease and can be treated easily. (NO - treatment not discussed)
(D) There are several factors that cause cancer and genes play a significant role. (KEEP)
(E) Though cancer is a dreadful disease, there are several promising new treatments. (NO - treatment not discussed)
I choose D because A means like because person A has gene XX and person B has gene XY, then person A is more likely.
Q4 Agree EXCEPT
(A) Surgical removal is a treatment for benign neoplasm. (YES, in P2)
(B) It takes only one genetic mutation to make a normal cell cancerous. (contradictory, in P3)
(C) Most carcinogens are eliminated by enzymes or the immune system. (YES, in P2)
(D) Carcinogens cause changes in DNA that alter the expression of genes. (YES, in P3)
(E) Chemicals such as tobacco tar and saccharine can act as carcinogens. (YES, in P3)
I choose B
