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23 Aug 2023, 07:00
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Question 1
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
65%
(hard)
Question Stats:
59% (03:14) correct
41%
(02:54) wrong
based on 203
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 2
B
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
55% (01:41) correct 45%
(01:39) wrong
based on 236
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 3
C
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
45%
(medium)
Question Stats:
60% (01:02) correct 40%
(01:27) wrong
based on 217
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
Question 4
E
Be sure to select an answer first to save it in the Error Log before revealing the correct answer (OA)!
Difficulty:
55%
(hard)
Question Stats:
56% (01:30) correct 44%
(01:22) wrong
based on 203
sessions
History
Date
Time
Result
Not Attempted Yet
In order to address hostility to the idea of comparable worth, we must examine opponents' arguments. These involve three related contentions: first, the male/female earnings gap results, largely, from factors unrelated to discrimination by particular employers. Second, comparable worth analysis is impossible since there is no objective basis for establishing comparisons between different jobs. And third, pay equity based on comparable worth would cripple the free market.
The argument that the male/female wage gap results from nondiscriminatory factors is clearly expressed in a report by the U.S. Civil Rights Commission. The Commission essentially argues three propositions: women choose low-paying jobs because of sociological predisposition, women make educational choices that lead to low-paying jobs, and the interrupted participation of women in the labor force leads to lower pay. Each contention is misguided or flawed, but the report's most serious shortcoming is that it mistakenly assumes that the validity of comparable worth theory depends upon a demonstration that discrimination accounts for the entire wage gap between male and female workers. The issue in comparable worth litigation is not some generalized assertion about any overall wage gap but a specific complaint that particular disparities between men and women, working for one employer, in enumerated positions, are the result of discrimination.
The second major argument mounted against comparable worth is that no objective technique exists for comparing jobs that are not identical in content. The Civil Rights Commission contends that job evaluations are inherently subjective and cannot establish jobs' intrinsic worth. This objection, though partially valid, goes too far. While evaluation techniques are not absolutely objective, job evaluation is a well-established technique in American industry for determining relative wage levels. Business and industry have long used specific techniques to determine the relative wage rates of jobs that are dissimilar in content.
The third argument raised against comparable worth is that it requires an unwarranted intrusion into the market. This argument's proponents insist that supply and demand curves create the wage disparity at issue. Thus, comparable worth theory is not a legitimate response to discrimination but rather a specious definition of discrimination. If there is no discrimination, there is no justification for judicial interference with market forces. This argument would cloak impermissible sex-based discrimination in the putative legality of "market operation." Yet this argument sidesteps the contention of comparable worth proponents that, despite a pay differential, the jobs are equivalent according to a rational standard. The market-based argument is instructive in that it links criticisms of the allegedly spurious nature of comparable worth with antipathy to the remedy: interference with the market. This connection is critical to an understanding of judicial opinions in the comparable worth area, since judges often defer to the operation of the market.
The argument that the male/female wage gap results from nondiscriminatory factors is clearly expressed in a report by the U.S. Civil Rights Commission. The Commission essentially argues three propositions: women choose low-paying jobs because of sociological predisposition, women make educational choices that lead to low-paying jobs, and the interrupted participation of women in the labor force leads to lower pay. Each contention is misguided or flawed, but the report's most serious shortcoming is that it mistakenly assumes that the validity of comparable worth theory depends upon a demonstration that discrimination accounts for the entire wage gap between male and female workers. The issue in comparable worth litigation is not some generalized assertion about any overall wage gap but a specific complaint that particular disparities between men and women, working for one employer, in enumerated positions, are the result of discrimination.
The second major argument mounted against comparable worth is that no objective technique exists for comparing jobs that are not identical in content. The Civil Rights Commission contends that job evaluations are inherently subjective and cannot establish jobs' intrinsic worth. This objection, though partially valid, goes too far. While evaluation techniques are not absolutely objective, job evaluation is a well-established technique in American industry for determining relative wage levels. Business and industry have long used specific techniques to determine the relative wage rates of jobs that are dissimilar in content.
The third argument raised against comparable worth is that it requires an unwarranted intrusion into the market. This argument's proponents insist that supply and demand curves create the wage disparity at issue. Thus, comparable worth theory is not a legitimate response to discrimination but rather a specious definition of discrimination. If there is no discrimination, there is no justification for judicial interference with market forces. This argument would cloak impermissible sex-based discrimination in the putative legality of "market operation." Yet this argument sidesteps the contention of comparable worth proponents that, despite a pay differential, the jobs are equivalent according to a rational standard. The market-based argument is instructive in that it links criticisms of the allegedly spurious nature of comparable worth with antipathy to the remedy: interference with the market. This connection is critical to an understanding of judicial opinions in the comparable worth area, since judges often defer to the operation of the market.
1. According to the passage, the gravest shortcoming of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission's report on the male/female wage gap lies in
A. the assertion that women choose low-paying jobs
B. the conclusion that disparities in wages are justifiable
C. the assumption that discrimination alone must account for a wage gap for a comparable worth remedy to be appropriate
D. the supposition that disparities between the wages of men and women in comparable positions are the result of discrimination
E. the conclusion that women's interrupted participation in the labor force leads to lower pay
A. the assertion that women choose low-paying jobs
B. the conclusion that disparities in wages are justifiable
C. the assumption that discrimination alone must account for a wage gap for a comparable worth remedy to be appropriate
D. the supposition that disparities between the wages of men and women in comparable positions are the result of discrimination
E. the conclusion that women's interrupted participation in the labor force leads to lower pay
2. The author suggests that the argument that wage disparities are a legitimate result of supply and demand fails to take into account the
A. notion that a job's intrinsic worth can only be measured subjectively
B. possibility that two jobs with dissimilar pay can be determined to possess equal value
C. idea that market forces should never be manipulated for political purpose
D. legitimate role of the courts in shaping an appropriate response to wage disparities
E. occurrence of social injustice in America
A. notion that a job's intrinsic worth can only be measured subjectively
B. possibility that two jobs with dissimilar pay can be determined to possess equal value
C. idea that market forces should never be manipulated for political purpose
D. legitimate role of the courts in shaping an appropriate response to wage disparities
E. occurrence of social injustice in America
3. It can be inferred from the passage that opponents of the idea of comparable worth have concluded which of the following?
I. Application of the idea of comparable worth would violate the principles of a free market economy.
II. Interference with market forces is involved in all social reform.
III. Wage disparities between men and women result from sociological factors and the effects of supply and demand.
A. I Only
B. III Only
C. I and III Only
D. II and III Only
E. I, II, and III
I. Application of the idea of comparable worth would violate the principles of a free market economy.
II. Interference with market forces is involved in all social reform.
III. Wage disparities between men and women result from sociological factors and the effects of supply and demand.
A. I Only
B. III Only
C. I and III Only
D. II and III Only
E. I, II, and III
4. According to the author's argument, opinions of the Civil Rights Commission in regard to the issue of comparable worth have included all of the following assertions EXCEPT
A. the unequal pay of women does not stem primarily from discriminatory practice on the part of employers.
B. it is not feasible to measure the relative value of dissimilar jobs.
C. women are paid at lower rates because their participation in the labor force is intermittent.
D. women are predisposed to choose poorly paying employment positions.
E. there can never be justification for judicial interference with the functioning of a free market.
A. the unequal pay of women does not stem primarily from discriminatory practice on the part of employers.
B. it is not feasible to measure the relative value of dissimilar jobs.
C. women are paid at lower rates because their participation in the labor force is intermittent.
D. women are predisposed to choose poorly paying employment positions.
E. there can never be justification for judicial interference with the functioning of a free market.
RC Butler 2023 - Practice Two RC Passages Everyday.
Passage # 292 Date: 23 Aug-2023
This question is part of RC Butler 2023. Click here for Details
Passage # 292 Date: 23 Aug-2023
This question is part of RC Butler 2023. Click here for Details
26 Aug 2023, 03:28
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SejalT
Question 4 asks about the short comings of the Civil Rights Commission.
Para 2 and para 3 deal with the theories of the Civil Rights Commission.
Option A, B, C, D are present in those paragraphs. Option E is taken from the last paragraph which does not say anything about the commission.
13 Apr 2025, 02:37
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