In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United

Question

In its 1903 decision in the case of  Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock , the United States Supreme Court rejected the efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent. In his study of the  Lone Wolf  case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court’s assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate) over Native American affairs. But he fails to note the decision’s more far-reaching impact: shortly after  Lone Wolf , the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when—following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs—Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes. But in reality the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress. The  Lone Wolf  decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.   1 
 1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

A. identifying similarities in two different theories
B. evaluating a work of scholarship
C. analyzing the significance of a historical event
D. debunking a revisionist interpretation
E. exploring the relationship between law and social reality

2 
 2. According to the passage, which of the following was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes?

A. Some Native American tribes approved of the congressional action of 1871 because it simplified their dealings with the federal government.
B. Some Native American tribes were more eager to negotiate treaties with the United States after the  Lone Wolf  decision.
C. Prior to the  Lone Wolf  decision, the Supreme Court was reluctant to hear cases involving agreements negotiated between Congress and Native American tribes.
D. Prior to 1871, the federal government sometimes negotiated treaties with Native American tribes.
E. Following 1871, the House exercised more power than did the Senate in the government’s dealings with Native American tribe

3 
 3. As an element in the argument presented by the author of the passage, the reference to Blue Clark’s study of the  Lone Wolf  case serves primarily to

A. point out that this episode in Native American history has received inadequate attention from scholars
B. support the contention of the author of the passage that the  Lone Wolf  decision had a greater long-term impact than did the congressional action of 1871
C. challenge the validity of the Supreme Court’s decision confirming the unlimited unilateral power of Congress in Native American affairs
D. refute the argument of commentators who regard the congressional action of 1871 as the end of the era of formal negotiation between the federal government and Native American tribes
E. introduce a view about the  Lone Wolf  decision that the author will expand upon

4 
 4. According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the  Lone Wolf  decision?

A. The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native American affairs.
B. Native American tribes lost their legal standing as sovereign nations in their dealings with the federal government, but their ownership of tribal lands was confirmed.
C. The federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe.
D. The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands for distribution to non-Indian settlers.
E. Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court.

5 
 5. According to the passage, the congressional action of 1871 had which of the following effects?

(A) Native American tribal agreements were treated as legislation that had to be passed by both houses of Congress.
(B) The number of formal agreements negotiated between the federal government and Native American tribes decreased.
(C) The procedures for congressional approval and implementation of federal Indian policy were made more precise.
(D) It became more difficult for Congress to exercise unilateral authority over Native American affairs.
(E) The role of Congress in the ratification of treaties with sovereign nations was eventually undermined.

6 
 6. According to the passage, in the case of  Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock  the Supreme Court decided that

(A) disputes among native American tribes over the ownership of tribal lands were beyond the jurisdiction of the Court
(B) Congress had the power to allow outsiders to settle on lands occupied by a Native American tribe without obtaining permission from that tribe
(C) Congress had exceeded its authority in attempting to exercise sole power over native American affairs
(D) the United States was not legally bound by the provisions of treaties previously concluded with Native American tribes
(E) formal agreements between the federal government and Native American tribes should be treated as ordinary legislation rather than as treaties

mbaiseasy · Accepted Answer

C D E C

Q12:
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

The author is concerned about the far reaching impact of the Supreme Court decision during the Lone Wolf case. A decision which led to abolishing treaties... something the scholar missed to tackle... 
 
A. there were no theories in the passage OUT!
B. he evaluated the scholar's work for a moment BUT that was primarily to get to his point about the effect of the Lone Wolf case later... OUT!
 C.  BINGO! Analyzing the far reaching impact of an event
D. he pointed out what a scholar was missing but that was ONLY in support to his primary purpose... OUT!
E. law and social reality? too generic.. OUT!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q13:
According to the passage, which of the following was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes?
 
A and B. we don't know about what the Native American tribes really thought of the issue and where they stand... OUT!
C. We know one case but we cannot generalize that they were reluctant on some other cases. We dont know. OUT!
 D.  BINGO! It was mentioned that abolishing the treaties happened in 1871. Then prior to that, there were treaties.
E. Which had greater power, not discussed in the passage. All we know that the Senate do the ratification and both houses pass this as legislation... Who has more power.. Don't know!! OUT!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q14:
As an element in the argument presented by the author of the passage, the reference to Blue Clark’s study of the Lone Wolf case serves primarily to

A. That is not the point of the author. He was just hinting on something Blue Clark's study lack upon. OUT!
B. No such comparison in the passage. OUT!
C. The author accepts that and does not challenge the unilateral power. OUT!
D. He does not refute that but he uses that as evidence of the far reaching impact of the Lone Wolf case decision by the SUpreme Court. OUT!
 E.  BINGO!

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q15:
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decision?

A. Treaties were abolished but that doesn't mean Supreme Court took the greater role. We don't know that. OUT!
B. This is like assuming beyond what the author has provided. Land confirmation for instance was not mentioned in the passage.
 C.  BINGO!
D. Not discussed to this extent in the passage. OUT!
E. We don't know whether Native American tribes were able to challenge or not. OUT!

Sujeet07 · Answer

In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United States Supreme Court rejected the Line efforts of three Native American tribes to prevent the opening of tribal lands to non-Indian settlement without tribal consent. In his study of the Lone Wolf case, Blue Clark properly emphasizes the Court’s assertion of a virtually unlimited unilateral power of Congress  (the House of Representatives and the Senate)  over Native American affairs.

But he fails to note the decision’s more far-reaching impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy .  Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when following a dispute between the House and the Senate over which chamber should enjoy primacy in Indian affairs—Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes. But in reality, the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements past the turn of the century, treating these
documents not as treaties with sovereign nations requiring ratification by the Senate but simply as legislation to be passed by both houses of Congress.   The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

Passage summary 
P1:- About decision in the case of Lone Walk and Blue Clark' study.
P2 :- About decision's far reaching impact. (Note by reading 1st line of P2 we may think that author will explain about Blue Clark’s study in this paragraph, but in last line it is clear that author is still talking about decision.)

By passage summary we can pre-think that author is discussing about decision.
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

A. identifying similarities in  two  different  theories  (not theories)
B. evaluating a work of scholarship ---( Yes author put some light on a Work of Blue Clarke but this not the primary purpose.)
C.  analyzing the significance of a historical event  ---- Correct align with pre-think.
D.  debunking a revisionist interpretation 
E. exploring the  relationship between law and social reality

--------------------------------------***********************---------------------------------

According  to the passage, which of the following  was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes ?

Background - Answer will be explicitly mention in the passage.
Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes.  But in reality, the federal government continued to negotiate formal tribal agreements  past the turn of the century.

A. Some Native American tribes approved of the congressional action of 1871 because it simplified their dealings with the federal government. 
B.  Some Native American tribes were more eager to negotiate treaties with the United States after the Lone Wolf decision. 
C.  Prior to the Lone Wolf decision, the Supreme Court was reluctant to hear cases involving agreements negotiated between Congress and Native American tribes. 
D.  Prior to 1871, the federal government sometimes negotiated treaties with Native American tribes. 
E.  Following 1871, the House exercised more power than did the Senate in the government’s dealings with Native American tribes.

--------------------------------------***********************---------------------------------

As an element in the argument presented by the author of the passage, the reference to Blue Clark’s study of the Lone Wolf case serves primarily to

Background - This role type question( IN CR) -- If we read 2nd paragraph we can find that with reference of his study author picking up new view and discuss.

A. point out that this episode in Native American history has received  inadequate attention from scholars 
B.  support the contention of the author of the passage  that the Lone Wolf decision had a greater long-term impact than did the congressional action of 1871
C.  challenge the validity of the Supreme Court’s decision  confirming the unlimited unilateral power of Congress in Native American affairs
D.  refute the argument of commentators who regard the congressional action of 1871 as the end of the era of formal negotiation between the federal government and Native American tribes 
E.  introduce a view about the Lone Wolf decision that the author will expand upon

--------------------------------------***********************---------------------------------

According  to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decision?

Background -1st line of p2- Impact: shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy.
and last line of p2 - The Lone Wolf decision ended this era of formal negotiation and finally did away with what had increasingly become the empty formality of obtaining tribal consent.

A.  The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native American affairs. 
B.  Native American tribes lost their legal standing as sovereign nations in their dealings with the federal government, but their ownership of tribal lands was confirmed. 
C.  The federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe.  ---Align with last line of p2.
D.  The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands for distribution to non-Indian settlers. 
E.  Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court.

Please share your doubt , if any.

gmatter0913 · Answer

Can somebody explain me the details of this passage in simple language?

I struggled to understand the sentence below.

"In his study of the Lone
Wolf case, Blue Clark properly
emphasizes the Court’s assertion
 (10) of a virtually unlimited unilateral power
of Congress (the House of Represen-
tatives and the Senate) over Native
American affairs. "

Does this mean that Clark is pointing that the Congress (Senate and HOR) has used its law-making power unjustly against the tribes??

mimishyu · Answer

Hi gmatter0913

For “unlimited unilateral power”, we should first see the meaning of “unilateral”:
(of an action or decision)performed by or affecting only one person, group, or country involved in a situation, without the agreement of another or the other
 Its meaning is similar to “unlimited one-side power”,
So yes, it indeed does saying that“Clark is pointing that the Congress (Senate and HOR) has used its law-making power unjustly against the tribes”

kartickdey · Answer

bb   KarishmaB   Bunuel   GMATNinja 
Regarding Q4: I could not understand how option C is right. it is stated in the passage "shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements with Indian tribes as a prerequisite for the implementation of federal Indian policy. Many commentators believe that this change had already occurred in 1871 when Congress abolished the making of treaties with Native American tribes." 
so that the federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe was decided in 1871, not in the Lone Wolf decision. In practice the formal agreement used to take place but that practice does not warrant the necessity of formal agreement which has been done away with in 1817.

guddo · Answer

4. According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the  Lone Wolf  decision?

The passage says the Lone Wolf decision not only affirmed broad congressional power over Native American affairs, but also led the federal government to stop making formal written agreements with tribes as a prerequisite for implementing federal Indian policy.

(A) The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native American affairs.

Opposite of the passage’s point. The decision is described as expanding Congress’s unilateral power, not the Court’s role.

(B) Native American tribes lost their legal standing as sovereign nations in their dealings with the federal government, but their ownership of tribal lands was confirmed.

The passage discusses treaties vs legislation and the end of formal negotiation, but it does not say tribes’ sovereignty was legally ended by Lone Wolf, and it definitely does not say land ownership was confirmed.

(C) The federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe.

This matches directly: “shortly after Lone Wolf, the federal government totally abandoned negotiation and execution of formal written agreements... as a prerequisite.” That is exactly what C says.  This is the result stated in the passage.

(D) The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands for distribution to non-Indian settlers.

Opening lands to settlement is mentioned as what the tribes tried to prevent in the case, but the passage’s claimed “more far-reaching impact” is about ending formal agreements, not beginning land appropriation as a new practice.

(E) Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court.

Not stated. The passage talks about congressional power and abandoning negotiations, not cutting off Supreme Court challenges.

Answer: (C)

pui159 · Answer

More explanation for Q2 please

guddo · Answer

2. According to the passage, which of the following was true of relations between the federal government and Native American tribes?

The author says Blue Clark focuses on Lone Wolf’s support for broad congressional power, but misses an even bigger effect: after Lone Wolf (1903) the federal government stopped negotiating formal written agreements with tribes as a prerequisite for policy. Although many commentators think treaty making ended in 1871, the government actually kept negotiating formal agreements after 1871, treating them as legislation rather than treaties, until Lone Wolf ended even that practice.

(A) Some Native American tribes approved of the congressional action of 1871 because it simplified their dealings with the federal government.

Not stated. The passage never mentions tribal approval.

(B) Some Native American tribes were more eager to negotiate treaties with the United States after the Lone Wolf decision.

Opposite. Lone Wolf is described as ending the era of formal negotiation.

(C) Prior to the Lone Wolf decision, the Supreme Court was reluctant to hear cases involving agreements negotiated between Congress and Native American tribes.

Not mentioned. The passage gives no claim about Court reluctance before Lone Wolf.

(D) Prior to 1871, the federal government sometimes negotiated treaties with Native American tribes.

Supported. The passage says Congress abolished treaty making in 1871, which implies that before 1871 the government did make treaties with tribes.

(E) Following 1871, the House exercised more power than did the Senate in the government’s dealings with Native American tribe.

Not supported. The passage mentions a House Senate dispute, but does not say the House ended up with greater power afterward.

Answer: (D)

In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United

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In its 1903 decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, the United

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