In the Gulf of Mexico's 'dead zone,' every summer aquatic life is smothered in an area as large as the state of New Jersey,
which, according to scientists, is caused by excess nitrogen flushed down the Mississippi River.A) which, according to scientists, is caused by excess nitrogen flushed down the Mississippi River.
Here which referring to New Jersey, which is not caused by excess nitrogen.B) which scientists say is caused by excess nitrogen flushed down the Mississippi River.
Here which referring to New Jersey, which is not caused by excess nitrogen.C) the cause of which, according to scientists, is excess nitrogen flushed down the Mississippi River.
Leave for the time being.D) the cause of which is excess nitrogen flushed down the Mississippi River say the scientists.
Here subject of verb say is "the cause of which is excess nitrogen flushed down the Mississippi River" ; lets replace this with We so sentence is we say the scientist. So ""the cause of which is excess nitrogen flushed down the Mississippi River" is not saying anything to scientist.E) that comes from the flushing of excess nitrogen down the Mississippi River, according to scientists.
Here "that comes from the flushing of excess nitrogen down the Mississippi River" is acting as a essential modifier so sentence is missing verb.I hope my explanations helps.