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rohan2345
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Although provide for is the correct idiom usage but I wouldn't go for it right away without looking all options:

A. of determining, in addition to how, when continental Europeans colonized the British Isles - provide important clues of whenever I see the preposition of, I tend to find a noun after it. e.g. it provided clues of an earthquake. here it is following a clause, hence I will reject this option
B. in the determination of how and when the British Isles were colonized by continental Europeans - Awkward because of passive voice. Also, subtle change in meaning. The discovery provided clues in the determination of seems that the discovery was done just for the clues and not for actual finding
C. to determine how continental Europeans colonized the British Isles and when they did - It makes sense to take the subject or subject + verb common from a parallelism identifier. Never seen such a case where object is taken common
D. for determining when the British Isles were colonized by continental Europeans and how they were - Same as (C)
E. for determining how and when continental Europeans colonized the British Isles - Here how and when is part of a question. You can think how and when as another keyword in wh-family
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The ‘determining’ as stated in all the relevant choices, as in “of determining in A”, “for determining” in D and E are all objects of the prepositions and hence gerunds and nouns. Just like of, for is also a preposition. The word ‘in’ is also a preposition. The only thing that is not a preposition is the word ’to’ in C, which is an infinitive marker. This may be taken note of.
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