A. Each of Charlie Chaplin’s most famous characters — The Tramp, The Barber, and Calvero— are simple and guileless men,
"Each of...are" is wrong, Each is a singular indefinite pronoun so it must take a singular "is".
B. Charlie Chaplin’s most famous characters — The Tramp, The Barber, and Calvero— are each simple and guileless men,
CorrectC. The Tramp, The Barber, and Calvero— each of them Charlie Chaplin’s most famous characters — is simple and guileless men,
"each of them..." is giving us additional information about the characters, one can see it as a modifier. However The tramp, the barber and Calvero are plural so usage of "is" is wrong. Also notice that "men" is plural so using "xxx is men" would be wrong
D. Simple and guileless men — The Tramp, The Barber, and Calvero— each one of the most famous characters of Charlie Chaplin, are
since we have a comma before are "Simple and guileless men" is our subject. Though this may look correct from a grammatical standpoint, its meaning is flawed: This basically tells us that generally, any simple and guileless men are different from actor. However point to be made is that roles that CC played are different than his own character
E. Simple and guileless men — The Tramp, The Barber, and Calvero— every one of Charlie Chaplin’s most famous characters are
"every one" must take a singular verb "is". However here every one incorrectly takes a plural verb "are"