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Adnani
Still confuse..bw.... A and C......
Please some one explain????

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C. have been shown to harm football players' health by causing concussions and irreversible brain damage, have led parents and educators to engage in

Which modifies high-impact football tackles . Plural. No need of past perfect tense. Hence A Is wrong


The adverse health effects of high-impact football tackles, which had been shown to harm football players' health by causing concussions and irreversible brain damage, have led parents and educators to engage in spirited debates about whether football should be banned in high schools

Both the parts of the sentence will have HAVE to agree in Number with the subject

Hence C is correct
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Adnani
Still confuse..bw.... A and C......
Please some one explain????

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Hello Adnani,

We hope this finds you well.

To answer your query, Option A incorrectly uses the past perfect tense verb "had been shown" to refer to an action that concluded in the past but continues to affect the present; remember, the present perfect tense (marked by the use of the helping verb “has/have”) is used to describe events that concluded in the past but continue to affect the present, and the past perfect tense (marked by the use of helping verb "had") is used when a sentence contains two actions in the past; the helping verb "had" is used with the action in the "greater past".

To understand the concept of "Present Perfect Tense" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):


To understand the concept of "Past Perfect Tense" on GMAT, you may want to watch the following video (~2 minutes):


All the best!
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