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zhanbo
sir in option C, ing modifier is modifying the lobbyist
are senators were alienated by the lobbyist or the way they behave

why not option B

For "Comma + Present Participle" structures in GMAT, the present participle modifier can modify either the entire preceding clause or the subject of the preceding clause.
(In real world, present participle phrase may also modify the noun / pronoun before the comma, but GMAT does not seem to endorse such usage.)

So, you can read the sentence in either way you prefer. The two readings ultimately convey the similar meaning.
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In Option A, the cause and effect is not there because of 2 independent sentences

In Option B, By which refers to from what the Senators were alienated? Because of the traits or the way lobbyist behaved.

Option C is the best because Verb-Ing Modifier beautifully expresses cause and effect and a very clear reference to the lobbyist and the way he behaved. Hence, it is an apt OA.

Options D is not written concisely and OA E- Having seemed unusual and less apt.
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